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Botany 1 > Chapter 3: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

a theory stating that all living organisms are composed of cells

A

cell theory

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2
Q

device that uses light and a series of lenses to obtain images of a specimen

A

light microscope

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3
Q

having a cell or cells that lack a distinct nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

A

prokaryotic

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4
Q

pertaining to cells having distinct membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus with chromosomes

A

eukaryotic

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5
Q

the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were free-living bacteria that became incorporated in cells

A

endosymbiotic theory

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6
Q

the relatively rigid boundary of cells of plants and certain other organisms

A

cell wall

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7
Q

a membrane-bound body in the cytoplasm of a cell; there are several kinds, each with a specific function

A

organelle

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8
Q

living part of a cell

A

protoplasm

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9
Q

the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is the main structural component of cell walls?

A

cellulose
-cell walls also typically contain a matrix of hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins

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11
Q

a layer of material, rich in pectin, that cements two adjacent cell walls together
-permeable and permits slower movement of water and dissolved substances between cells

A

middle lamella

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12
Q

minute strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells through pores in the walls
-the translocation of sugars, amino acids, ions, and other substances occurs here

A

plasmodesma (pl. plasmodesmata)

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13
Q

the outer boundary of the protoplasm of a cell; also called “cell membrane,” particularly in animal cells
-composed mostly of lipids

A

plasma membrane

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14
Q

a porous double membrane enclosing a nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

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15
Q

a somewhat spherical body within a nucleus; contains primarily RNA and protein; there may be more than one per nucleus

A

nucleolus (pl. nucleoli)

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16
Q

a readily staining complex of DNA and proteins found in chromosomes

A

chromatin

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17
Q

a body consisting of a linear sequence of genes and composed of DNA and proteins; found in cell nuclei and appear in contracted form during mitosis and meiosis

A

chromosome

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18
Q

a complex system of interlinked, double-membrane channels subdividing the cytoplasm of a cell into compartments; parts of it are lined with ribosomes

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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19
Q

a granular particle composed of 2 subunits consisting of RNA and proteins; lack membranes, are the sites of protein synthesis, and are very numerous in living cells

A

ribosome

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20
Q

an organelle consisting of disc-shaped, often branching hollow tubules that function in accumulating and packaging substances used in the synthesis of materials by the cell

A

dictyosome

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21
Q

an organelle associated primarily with the storage or manufacture of carbohydrates

A

plastid

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22
Q

an organelle containing chlorophyll, found in cells of most photosynthetic organisms; sites of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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23
Q

a series of stacked thylakoids within a chloroplast are arranged in stacks that form the grana of chloroplasts

A

granum (pl. grana)

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24
Q

coin-shaped membranes whose contents include chlorophyll; they are arranged in stacks that form the grana of chloroplasts

A

thylakoid

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25
Q

green pigments essential to photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

26
Q

a region constituting the bulk of the volume of a chloroplast or other plastid; it contains enzymes that in chloroplasts play a key role in carbon fixation, carbohydrate synthesis, and other photosynthetic reactions

A

stroma

27
Q

a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll; the pigments are usually yellow to orange

A

chromoplast

28
Q

a colorless plastid commonly associated with starch accumulation
-amyloplasts, elaioplasts

A

leucoplast

29
Q

a tiny, undifferentiated organelle that can duplicate itself and that may develop into chloroplast, leucoplast, or other types of plastids

A

proplastid

30
Q

an organelle containing enzymes that function in the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration, which involves the production of ATP from food molecules

A

mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)

31
Q

a small, spherical organelle which contains special enzymes and is bounded by a single membrane

A

microbody

32
Q

organelle that contains enzymes for breakdown of toxic substances and, in plants, participates in photorespiration

A

peroxisome

33
Q

organelle that contains enzymes for the conversion of fats into sugars

A

glyoxisome

34
Q

a pocket of fluid that is separated from the cytoplasm of a cell by a membrane; also, food-storage or contractile pockets within the cytoplasm of unicellular organisms

A

vacuole

35
Q

the eliminating membrane of a cell vacuole; aka tonoplast

A

vacuolar membrane

36
Q

the liquid contents of a vacuole

A

cell sap

37
Q

a protein filament involved with cytoplasmic streaming and with contraction and movement in eukaryotic cells

A

microfilaments

38
Q

a sequence of events involved in the division of a cell

A

cell cycle

39
Q

period in which the cell is performing its intended function and not dividing

A

interphase

40
Q

nuclear division, usually accompanied by cytokinesis, during which the chromatids of the chromosomes separate and two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced

A

mitosis

41
Q

division of a cell, usually following mitosis

A

cytokinesis

42
Q

stage of mitosis or meiosis in which chromosomes become thick and visible

A

prophase

43
Q

one of the two strands of a chromosome; they are united by a centromere

A

chromatids

44
Q

the dense, constricted portion of a chromosome to which a spindle fiber is attached

A

centromere

45
Q

a specialized protein complex that develops on the vertical face of a centromere during late prophase; spindle fibers are attached to it

A

kinetochore

46
Q

structures consisting of microtubules that assist in chromosome separating during cell division

A

spindle fibers

47
Q

stage of mitosis or meiosis in which sister chromatids line up along the equatorial plane

A

metaphase

48
Q

an aggregation of fiber like threads (microtubules) that appears in cells during mitosis or meiosis

A

spindle

49
Q

stage of mitosis or meiosis in which sister chromatids separate

A

anaphase

50
Q

chromatid that becomes a chromosome after separation from a duplicated DNA molecule

A

daughter chromosomes

51
Q

stage of mitosis or meiosis in which new cells become independent

A

telophase

52
Q

the precursor of the middle lamella; it forms at the equator during telophase

A

cell plate

53
Q

independent cell after completion of mitosis or meiosis

A

daughter cell

54
Q

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

A

plant cells have central vacuoles, plastids (chloroplasts), and cell walls

55
Q

What phase is this?

A

interphase

56
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

prophase

57
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

metaphase

58
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

anaphase

59
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

telophase

60
Q

ribosomes stud the outside of the membrane; produces new membrane, membrane protein, and secretory proteins

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

61
Q

lacks ribosomes on the surface and produces lipids, including steroids

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Botany 1 (7 decks)

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