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Botany 1 > Chapter 2: The Nature of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Nature of Life Flashcards

1
Q

-composition and structure
-growth
-reproduction
-response to stimuli
-metabolism
-movement
-complexity of organization
-adaptation to the environment

A

attributes of living organisms

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2
Q

progressive increase in size and volume through natural development

A

growth

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3
Q

the development of new individual organisms through either sexual or asexual means

A

reproduction

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4
Q

a complex carbohydrate that develops in sieve tubes following an injury; it is commonly associated with the sieve areas of sieve tube members

A

callose

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5
Q

undifferentiated tissue that develops around injured areas of stems and roots; also the undifferentiated tissue that develops during tissue culture

A

callus

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6
Q

the cellular breakdown of sugar and other foods, accompanied by release of energy; in aerobic respiration, oxygen is utilized

A

respiration

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7
Q

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy; water, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll are all essential to the process

A

photosynthesis

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8
Q

the breakdown of food molecules

A

digestion

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9
Q

cellular conversion of raw materials into protoplasm and cell walls

A

assimilation

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10
Q

one of more than 100 types of matter, most existing naturally but some human-made, each of which is composed of one kind of atom
-98 naturally occurring, 20 human-made

A

elements

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11
Q

the smallest individual unit of an element

A

atom

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12
Q

the core of an atom; contains chromosomes and is essential to the regulation and control of all the cell’s functions in a living organism

A

nucleus

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13
Q

a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

A

proton

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14
Q

an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom

A

neutron

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15
Q

a negatively charged particle of an atom

A

electron

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16
Q

the region occupied by electrons around the nucleus

A

orbital

17
Q

one of two or more forms of an element that have the same chemical properties but differ in the number of neutrons in the nuclei of their atoms

A

isotope

18
Q

the substance when two or more elements are united in a definite ratio by chemical bonds
-ex: table salt (NaCl)

A

compound

19
Q

consists of two or more atoms bound together and is the smallest independently existing particle of a compound or an element
-ex: water (H2O)

A

molecule

20
Q

the ability of an element to combine with another one, also based on electron number

A

valence

21
Q

form when two atoms complete their outermost energy level by sharing a pair of electrons in the outermost orbital

A

covalent bonds

22
Q

attraction between oppositely charged atoms

A

ionic bonds

23
Q

form as a result of attraction between positively charged hydrogen atoms in polar molecules and negatively charged atoms in other polar molecules

A

hydrogen bonds

24
Q

a substance that dissociates in water, releasing hydrogen ions

A

acid

25
Q

a substance that dissociates in water, releasing hydroxyl (OH-) ions

A

base

26
Q

a symbol of hydrogen ion concentration indicating the degree of acidity or alkalinity

A

pH

27
Q

a large molecule composed of many monomers

A

polymer

28
Q

a simple individual molecular unit of a polymer

A

monomer

29
Q

a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; the primary form in which sugar produced by photosynthesis is transported throughout a plant

A

sucrose

30
Q

an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but with proportionately much less oxygen than is present in a carbohydrate molecule

A

fat

31
Q

a fat in a liquid state

A

oil

32
Q

a polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

A

protein

33
Q

a chain of amino acids

A

polypeptides

34
Q

the type of chemical bond formed when two amino acids link together in the synthesis of proteins

A

peptide bonds

35
Q

the structural unit of DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

36
Q

a unit of heredity; part of a linear sequence of such unit occurring in the DNA of chromosomes

A

genes

Botany 1 (7 decks)

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