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A&P 1 - Chap 5 - Chap 12 (2nd test) > Chapter 6 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Skeletal System & components

A

function: framework for the body
components: bones, cartilages, joints

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2
Q

Cartilage Tissue

A
  1. no blood vessels - only type of CT w/no blood vessels
  2. no nerves
  3. components - ground substance, cells, fibers
  4. surrounded by perichondrium
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3
Q

Cartilage Tissue - highest water content of all CT

A

H2O–most abundant molecule in cartilage; designed to be flexible & comprehensible (bear weight)–high water content allows this

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4
Q

Ground substance (component of cartilage)

A

80% water, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans (holds water)

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5
Q

Cells (component of cartilage)

A

chondroblasts, chondrocytes

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6
Q

Fibers (component of cartilage)

A

mostly collagen

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7
Q

Perichondrium

A

dense CT covering the cartilage

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8
Q

Functions of Perichondrium

A
  1. protects
  2. Appositional growth
  3. has some blood vessels (source of O2 & nutrients that cartilage relies on)
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9
Q

Chondroblasts

A

scattered cells in perichondrium; make cartilage thicker

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10
Q

Chondrocyte

A

inside “wells” that are inside mature cartilage; no longer productive but maintain tissue

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11
Q

Lacunae

A

“wells”

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12
Q

Cartilage Growth

A
  1. Appositional growth

2. Interstitial growth

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13
Q

Appositional growth (Cartilage Growth)

A

chondroblasts w/in perichondrium produce tissue; THICKENS cartllage; occurs throughout LIFETIME

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14
Q

Interstitial Growth (Cartilage Growth)

A

“inside tissue”; chondroblasts inside cartilage produce tissue; way cartilage LENGTHENS; chondroblasts inside tissue as well & able to make cartilage inside; occurs in YOUNGER YEARS

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15
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage - most flexible; thin collagen fibers
  2. Elastic cartilage - stretchy; collagen & elastic fibers
  3. Fibrocartilage - denser; compressible; thick collagen fibers; strongest cartilage
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16
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Locations

A

costal cartilage, articular cartilage, tip of nose, trachea, parts of larynx, epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

Elastic Cartilage Locations

A

outer ear, epiglottis (top of larynx; prevents food/drink from getting into respiratory system)

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18
Q

Fibrocartilage Locations

A

intervertebral discs (between vertebraes so we can move our spine), pubic symphysis (between coxal bones)

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19
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection - vital organs
  3. Assist in movement
  4. Mineral storage - calcium (over 99% stored in bones)
  5. Homopoiesis - blood cell formation - RBC, WBC, platelets
  6. Nutruient storage - yellow bone marrow (stores nutrients)
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20
Q

Each bone is an organ

A

206 bones; 2 or more tissue types & very specific functions in body

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21
Q

Bone qualifies as an organ bc it contains 2 or more tissues types

A

Bone tissue - CT
Cartilage tissue - CT
Nervous tissue
Blood vessels - epithelial tissue & muscle tissue

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22
Q

Bones are classified by shape

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Sesamoid bones
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23
Q

Long bones (description & examples)

A

DES: rectangular shaped; middle part like a tube (cannot be flat); one side longer than other side
EX: humerus, femur, phalanges

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24
Q

Short bones (description & examples)

A

DES: one dimension is about same as other dimension; square shaped
EX: most carpals (wrists) & tarsals (ankles)

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25
Q

Flat bones (description & examples)

A

DES: very thin (does not have to be flat)
EX: sternum, most of skull bones; scapula, ribs (not cylinder shaped), clavicles

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26
Q

Irregular bones (description & examples)

A

DES: unusual shaped
EX: vertebrae, coxal bones

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27
Q

Sesamoid bones (description & examples)

A

DES: bones inside a tendon
EX: patella –only bones in body that are classified as such

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28
Q

206 bones

A

80 axial bones - head, neck, trunk

126 appendicular bones - arms, shoulders, legs, hips

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29
Q

2 Bone Textures (bone histology)

A
  1. Compact bone

2. Spongy bone

30
Q

Compact bone

A

solid; strong; outer parts of bone; made of osteons (Haversian system)–repeating unit columns

31
Q

Structural unit of compact bone

32
Q

Spongy bone

A

inside of bone; no osteon; bone tissue in irregular pattern; many spaces between bone; spaces contain either red bone marrow (makes blood cells) or yellow bone marrow depending upon bone

33
Q

Chemical Composition of bone

A

25% fluid
25% collagen - strongest of fibers
50% calcium salts (inorganic) - hardens bone

34
Q

Calcium salts (chemical comp of bone) - arranged in a “rock” form

A

calcium phosphate salts - most abundant

calcium hydroxide salts

35
Q

Mineral formed from Calcium phosphate salts & Calcium hydroxide salts

A

hydroxyapatite

36
Q

Calcium salts deposit on fibers around collagen fibers

A

Calcium allows it to be hard & collagen allows it to be strong

37
Q

Calcification

A

depositing of calcium salts along collagen fibers; hardening of bone tissue

38
Q

4 Cells located in Bone:

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblast cells
  3. Osteocyte cells
    Above 3 related to each other
  4. Osteoclast cells
39
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Function: dividing cells; almost like stem cells; source of other types of bone cells; develops into osteoblasts; makes organic matter unique to bone tissue

40
Q

Osteoblast cells

A

Function: makes bone tissue; form material unique to bone tissue

41
Q

Osteocyte cells

A

Function: maintain bone tissue; live in “wells” -lacunae; surrounded by bone tissue

42
Q

Osteoclast cells

A

Function: break down older bone tissue; bone destroying cells;

43
Q

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphysis
  3. Metaphysis
  4. Periosteum
  5. Endosteum
44
Q

Diaphysis (gross anatomy of a long bone)

A

“hollow tube shaft”; made of compact bone;

medullary cavity - space inside of tube; contains yellow bone marrow

45
Q

Epiphysis (gross anatomy of a long bone)

A

ends of bones; articular cartilage at end;

46
Q

What make bone lightweight

A

medullary cavity & spongy bone

47
Q

Metaphysis (gross anatomy of a long bone)

A

region between diaphysis & epiphysis; contains epiphyseal plate/line

48
Q

Epiphyseal plate (Metaphysis)

A

hyaline cartilage; young bones; in children & young teens; LENGTHENS LONG BONES

49
Q

Epiphyseal line (Metaphysis)

A

bone tissue: in adults; doesn’t lengthen bone; epiphyseal plate changed over to epiphyseal line

50
Q

Periosteum (gross anatomy of a long bone)

A

dense CT surrounding outside of bone; for protection; contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts; layer of CT

51
Q

Endosteum (gross anatomy of a long bone)

A

CT that lines the interior cavities of the long bones; contains osteoblasts (replaces bone tissue) & osteoclasts (breaks down old bone tissue); bone replacement & turnover occurring inside of bone

52
Q

Gross Anatomy of Short, Flat, Irregular, & Sesamoid Bones

A
  • compact bone on outside & spongy bone in middle & bone marrow fills spaces in spongy bone spaces
  • simple structure
  • periosteum & endosteum (lines spongy bone cavity)–similar to long bone
53
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

produces all blood cells–RBC, WBC, platelets; inside spongy bone cavity

54
Q

Locations (in adults) where red bone marrow is formed

A

ribs, sternum –flat bones;
vertebrae, coxal bone - Irregular bones;
head of humerus & head of femur - long bones

55
Q

in a very young child or baby

A

every single bone has red bone marrow; as child gets older, yellow bone marrow replaces red bone marrow

56
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

in medullary cavities;

Location: head, arms, legs, fingers, etc

57
Q

Bone Development (Changes in Bone)

A
  1. Embryonic Development - before birth
    a. Intramembranous ossification
    b. Endochondral ossification
  2. Post-natal bone growth - after birth
    a. Interstitial growth
    b. Appositional growth
58
Q

Ossification

A

process of bone formation; begins around 8 wks (in womb)

59
Q

Intramembranous ossification (Embryonic development0

A

forms skull bones; bone tissue forms inside of mesenchyme; osteoblast cells develop & then it gets calcified

60
Q

Mesenchyme

A

common origin of all CT; embryonic CT; membrane

61
Q

Endochondral ossification (Embryonic development0

A

occurs @ same time as intramembranous; forms most other bones below the head; starts from HYALINE cartilage; cartilage tissue is broken down & replaced with bone tissue; cartilage is destroyed by calcification; occurs along diaphysis; cartilage–avascular–diff is blood–cartilage & bone; osteoblasts come into spaces & bone tissue is formed; predominant way

62
Q

Interstitial growth (Post natal bone growth)

A

epiphyseal plate lenghtens bone

63
Q

Appositional growth (Post natal bone growth)

A

Periosteum thickens bones; growth from surrounding tissue

64
Q

Regulation of bone growth (main hormones necessary for bone growth)

A
  1. Growth hormone - stimulates bone growth in children
  2. Sex hormones - 2 functions - a. growth spurt in early teens; rapid growth; b. late puberty - causes epiphyseal plate closure to be converted to bone tissue;
    EX. testosterone & estrogen
65
Q

Regulation of Blood Calcium

A

negative feedback; maintains blood levels; maintains homeostasis; 9-11 mg

  1. Calcitonin
  2. Parathyroid hormone
66
Q

Calcitonin

A

Function: lower blood calcium;

Side effect on bone: strengthens bone tissue; calcium is too high, this lowers it

67
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Function: raise blood calcium; stimulates osteoclasts activity which breaks down bone tissue & puts in blood
Side effect on bone: weakens bone;
calcium too low, this raises it

68
Q

Bone deposit

A

osteoblasts form more bone tissue

69
Q

Bone resorption

A

osteoclasts break down bone tissue

70
Q

As we get older, bone get thinner; bone resorption occurs more than

A

bone deposit

71
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bone resorption occurs much faster than bone deposit; most common bone disorder (not enough calcium in persons body)

A&P 1 - Chap 5 - Chap 12 (2nd test) (8 decks)

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