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A&P 1 - Chap 5 - Chap 12 (2nd test) > Chapter 12 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Nervous system

A
  1. Sensory input - gathers info & makes us aware of what’s happening
  2. Integration - processes & interprets info
  3. Motor output - produces response in body; away from brain to responding organ
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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain & spinal cord; integration occurs; main integration center; control center of the body; controls voluntary & involuntary movements; controls secretion of glands; makes up 99% of nervous tissue in body

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

outside of brain & spinal cord; mainly consists of nerves–communication lines; cranial nerves (12 pairs) & spinal nerves (30 pairs); part of NS outside of CNS; makes up 1% of nervous tissue in body

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4
Q

Effectors

A

responding organs; 2 types of effectors–voluntary & involuntary

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5
Q

Nervous tissue consists of

A

neurons & glial cells

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6
Q

Neurons

A

excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals; functional cells of nervous system; carries signals around; longest cell in body

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7
Q

Glial cells (Neuroglia)

A

supporting cells to neurons; help neurons carry out their functions; don’t carry signals; cells can divide

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System - 2 Divisions

A
  1. afferent (sensory) division - consists of nerves carrying info TOWARD CNS
  2. efferent (motor) division - consists of nerves carrying info AWAY FROM CNS & towards organs
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9
Q

Efferent (motor) division - 2 systems

A
  1. somatic nervous system - voluntary NS; nerves from CNS to skeletal muscles
  2. autonomic nervous system - involuntary NS; nerves from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles & glands
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10
Q

Autonomic nervous system - 2 divisions

A

act on same effectors but produce opposite responses

  1. sympathetic division - fight or flight
  2. parasympathetic division - rest & digest
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11
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

nervous system associated with the digestive tract

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12
Q

Characteristics of neurons (nervous tissue)

A
  1. Excitable - responds to stimulus
  2. longevity - can last your whole life
  3. amitotic - not able to divide; born w/a certain # & we don’t get anymore
  4. high metabolic rate - metabolism occurs rapidly; very active; uses lots of ATP; requires continuous flow of O2 & nutrients
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13
Q

Brain makes up about 2% of body mass but uses

A

about 20% of body’s oxygen

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14
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles; main part of neuron; contains DNA; protein synthesis happens w/in cell body

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15
Q

nissl bodies

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum of neurons; synthesize proteins; most active ER in our body; only located in cell body

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16
Q

processes or nerve fibers (def’n 2 types)

A

extensions of the cell body;

  1. dendrites
  2. axons
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17
Q

dendrites

A

short branches clustered close to cell body; not myelinated; multiple dendrites; carries signals TOWARDS cell body; receiving info

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18
Q

axons

A

generate & transmit nerve impulses AWAY from cell body; only 1 axon per neuron; long part of neuron

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19
Q

axon hillock

A

narrow region of cell body where axon begins

20
Q

axon terminals

A

branched ends of the axons; release neurotransmitters

21
Q

axolemma

A

plasma membrane of axon; specialized for conducting nerve impulses; carries action potentials

22
Q

myelin sheath

A

lipid-proein insulation covering some axons; consists of layers & layers of insulation around axon in Schwann cell

23
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath; exposed axolemma

24
Q

Structures of a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • nissl bodies
  • processes or nerve fibers
  • axon hillock
  • axon terminals
  • axolemma
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
25
Q

3 Structural Classification of neurons (based on # of processes)

A
  1. multipolar neuron
  2. bipolar neuron
  3. unipolar neuron
26
Q

multipolar neuron

A

contains 3 or more processes; major neuron class in CNS; most common; lots of dendrites & 1 axon; 99%; motor neurons & CNS neurons

27
Q

bipolar neuron

A

contains 2 processes; receptor cells in special sense organs; 1 dendrite & 1 axon; found in special sense organs; (ex. eye, ear, smell–designed for sensations)

28
Q

unipolar neuron

A

contains 1 process; found mainly in the PNS; no dendrites & 1 axon; found in most sensory neurons; ex. pain sensors, touch sensors

29
Q

multipolar interneurons

A

most abundant; in brain

30
Q

Functional classification of neurons (describes direction they carry info)

A
  1. sensory or afferent neurons - carry impulses from sensory receptors TOWARD CNS
  2. motor or efferent neurons - carry impulses AWAY from CNS to effector organs
  3. interneurons - neurons between motor & sensory neurons, unually found in CNS; most abundant; responsible for integration (processing info)
31
Q

Glial cells in the CNS:

A
  1. astrocytes - in brain; 10x more glial cells than neurons
  2. microglial cells
  3. ependymal cells
  4. oligodendrocytes
32
Q

Glial cells in the PNS:

A
  1. satellite cells

2. Schwann cells

33
Q

astrocytes

A

many processes, cover neurons, synapses, capillaries; most abundant;
function: physical support & ensures O2 & nutrients get to neurons; CNS

34
Q

microglial cells

A 
processes monitor health of neuron;  
function - protects nervous system from infection; CNS
35
Q

ependymal cells

A

line central cavities of brain & spinal cord;

function: form barrier from cerebrospinal fluid from actual nervous tissue; CNS

36
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

processes wrap around axons,

function: produces myelin sheath; CNS

37
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia;
function: not sure what it does but thinks it regulates fluid outside of cell & inside cell & may be protective cell; PNS

38
Q

Schwann cells

A

surround & form myelin sheath around axons; act like insulation; insulate axolemma so no cross signals between neurons; help in maintaining structure of axon; PNS:
function: myelinates axons

39
Q

only axons can be myelinated

A

most axons are myelinated

40
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in CNS

41
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in PNS

42
Q

tracts

A

bundles of neuron processes in CNS; bundles of axons

43
Q

nerves

A

bundles of neuron processes in PNS; bundles of axons

44
Q

myelinate

A

axon covered by Schwann cell

45
Q

white matter

A

regions of the CNS composed mainly of myelinated axons (communication lines); brain-most white matter on inside of brain; spinal cord-most white matter on outside of brain

46
Q

gray matter

A

regions of the CNS composed mainly of cell bodies & unmyelinated axons; brain-most gray matter on outside; spinal cord - most gray matter on inside

A&P 1 - Chap 5 - Chap 12 (2nd test) (8 decks)

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