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A&P 1 - Chap 5 - Chap 12 (2nd test) > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System consists of:

A
  1. Skin (aka cutaneous membrane)
  2. Accessory structures
  3. Sensory receptors
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2
Q

Skin (Cutaneous membrane) contains:

A

skin–layers of tissues;

  1. Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelial; avascular; top 15% of skin; outer layers are “dead cells”; heavily keratinized at surface
  2. dermis - CT (dense irregular); vascular; bulk of skin–80-85% of skin
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3
Q

Accessory structures (& examples)

A

structures embedded or sticking out of skin; ex. hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

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4
Q

Sensory receptors (& examples)

A

part of nervous system;

ex. touch, pain/temp, pressure sensors

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5
Q

4 cells that make up Epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocyte
  2. Melanocyte
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. Merkel cells
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6
Q

Keratinocyte

A

most abundant (approx. 90%) cells in epidermis; found in all layers of epidermis; cell make keratin (tough outer surface)

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7
Q

Melanocyte

A

makes main skin pigments which are called melanin; protects us from UV radiation; found in deepest layer of epidermis–stratum basale

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8
Q

Langerhans cells

A

immune cells found in epidermis; defense of skin

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9
Q

Merkel cells

A

touch sensors; found in epidermis

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10
Q

5 Layers of Epidermis (in order–top layer to bottom layer):

A
  1. Stratum corneum - top layer
  2. Stratum lucidum - only present in thick skin; places we rub a lot
  3. Stratum granulosum - cells are dying & beginning to break down & granules are released
  4. Stratum spinosum - “living layer” of cells
  5. Stratum basale - bottom layer; most important layer
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11
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Corneum (Epidermis):

A

20-30 layers (most layers) of dead, flattened keratinocytes; keratin inside keratinocytes; protect skin, glycolipids in extracellular space waterproof

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12
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Lucidum (Epidermis):

A

few cell layers (3-5); translucent layer of dead & flattened keratinocytes; thick skin = soles of feet, palms

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13
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Granulosum (Epidermis):

A

several cell layers, granules accumulate, nuclei & organelles disintegrate in keratinocytes; some granules from keratin & some form water-protection; keratinocytes - half dead cells - dying

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14
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Spinosum (Epidermis):

A

“living layer” of cells; several cell layers of keratinocytes; keratinocytes contain intermediate filaments; some Langerhans’ cells present in cell layers

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15
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Basale (Epidermis):

A

most important layer; a SINGLE layer of actively dividing keratinocytes; also contains merkel cells & melanocytes; melanocytes–only present in bottom layer; keratinocytes are formed & divide in this layer; old keratinocytes are pushed up each layer so they get older as they move up each layer

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16
Q

2 Layers of Dermis (in order–top layer to bottom layer):

A
  1. Papillary layer - areolar CT; right next to epidermis; richly vascularized
  2. Reticular layer - dense irregular CT; poorly vascularized
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17
Q

Characteristics of Papillary layer (Dermis):

A

dermal papillae contain capillary loops, free nerve endings, Meissner’s corpuscles; supplies the epidermis; bumpy thin layer

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18
Q

Characteristics of Reticular layer (Dermis):

A

collagen arranged in different directions; contain sweat glands, Pacinian corpuscles, hair follicles, sebaceous glands; function: to hold the accessory structures

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19
Q

Hypodermis

A

layer under the skin; under the dermis; “subcutaneous layer”; mostly adipose tissue; vascularized; mainly fat cells–nutrient storage & insulation

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20
Q

Papillary layer (Dermis)

A

dermal papillae–hill or mound of CT

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21
Q

Capillary loops

A

thin blood vessels where exchanges can take place; holds Oxygen & nutrients & supplies it to epidermis; papillary layer (dermis)

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22
Q

Free nerve endings

A

pain & temp sensors; able to sense extreme temp that are likely to damage skin; papillary layer (dermis)

23
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

touch sensors; papillary layer (dermis)

24
Q

Reticular layer (Dermis)

A

doesn’t really help epidermis for blood supply bc further away & dense (so not many blood vessels); a lot of of accessory structures found here

25
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

pressure/vibration sensors; reticular layer (dermis)

26
Q

Pigments that contribute to skin color:

A
  1. Melanin - protects us from UV radiation damage; make in skin
  2. Carotene - comes from food; not made in body
  3. Hemoglobin - can show thru very light skin; if you don’t have much melanin & very light skin, hemoglobin could show through skin & skin would be “pink”
27
Q

Accessory Structures:

A
  1. Sebaceous glands
  2. Sweat glands
  3. Modified sweat glands
  4. Nails
  5. Hair
28
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

oil secreting glands; holocrine-how it secretes; cell ruptures & releases oil & cell fragments; function: to lubricate skin & hair

29
Q

Sebum

A

secretion from sebaceous gland; oil & cell fragments

30
Q

Sweat glands

A

99% water; coiled structures that have ducts that lead to surface; how it secretes-merocrine (exocytosis); what it secretes-Exocrine gland; function-regulates body temp

  1. Eccrine glands
  2. Apocrine glands
31
Q

Eccrine glands (Sweat glands)

A

found all over body; stimulated by nervous system; cools down body; clear type of sweat

32
Q

Apocrine glands (Sweat glands)

A

mainly found in armpits, genital & anus; start functioning around puberty; respond to STRESS & SEXUAL excitement; more proteins & fats in sweat & produces “smelly” type of sweat; not as abundant; more hormonally controlled; mixes w/bacteria & causes a smell

33
Q

Modified Sweat Glands

A

don’t produce sweat; similar to sweat glands; merocrine (exocytosis)

  1. Ceruminous glands - only in ear canal; secretes ear wax by exocytosis
  2. Mammary glands - produce milk in lactating women
34
Q

Nails

A

modified epidermis; avascular; made of epithelial cells; cells become keratinized as they are pushed to surface; CT is right next to nail matrix but as they reach surface, they are dead

35
Q

Nail Root

A

inside skin; not visible

36
Q

Nail body

A

part of nail visible but still attached to skin

37
Q

Free Edge

A

visible part @ very tip but no longer attached to skin; oldest nail cells located here

38
Q

Nail Matrix

A

consists of actively dividing nail cells; not visible; nail cells formed here

39
Q

Nail Keratin

A

harder; doesn’t flake off

40
Q

Hair

A

modified epidermis; epithelial cells

41
Q

Hair Root

A

embedded in skin

42
Q

Hair shaft

A

hair that sticks out of skin (visible)

43
Q

Hair follicle

A

not part of hair; protective covering & helps anchor it in dermis

44
Q

Hair matrix

A

consists of one layer of cells; cell division; all growth of hair occurs here; pushes older hair cells up to surface–where it is dead (no oxygen or nutrients); keratin forms as hair cells die off; avascular; has MELANOCYTES for hair color

45
Q

Hair papilla

A

has blood vessels; neighboring CT; not part of hair

46
Q

Hair root plexus

A

bunch of nerves wrapped around hair follicle; touch sensor (wind blows, etc); found in reticular layer

47
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle; contracts when we are cold or nervous; causes hair to stand up

48
Q

Merkel Cell (sensor & location)

A

Sensor: touch
Location: epidermis

49
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle (sensor & location)

A

Sensor: touch
Location: papillary layer

50
Q

Hair Root Plexus (sensor & location)

A

Sensor: touch
Location: reticular layer

51
Q

Free nerve ending (sensor & location)

A

Sensor: pain/temp
Location: papillary layer

52
Q

Pacinian corpuscle (sensor & location)

A

Sensor: pressure
Location: reticular layer

53
Q

Living cells are on bottom layer of skin & are closer to dermis; these cells get the most oxygen & nutrients

A

as they get closer to surface, they are too far away to get oxygen & nutrients to survive

54
Q

Review pic of cross section of hair (from inner to outer layer)

A
  1. Medulla - inner layer; consists of large hair cells & air
  2. Cortex
  3. Hair
  4. Follicle
  5. Cuticle - outer layer of hair; what you see; shape of hair determines hair texture; oval like-wavy; thin - curly

A&P 1 - Chap 5 - Chap 12 (2nd test) (8 decks)

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