chapter 6: skeletal cartilages Flashcards
_________ cartilages are able to tolerate repeated bending.
Elastic
_________ are able to withstand both pressure and stretch.
Fibrocartilages
_________ cartilages cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints.
Articular
_________ cartilages form the skeleton of the larynx (voice box) and reinforce other respiratory passageways.
Respiratory
_________ cartilages connect the ribs to the sternum.
Costal
What is interstitial growth?
When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within.
Bones do NOT have a role in __________.
A. blood cell formation
B. fat storage
C. support
D. movement
E. waste removal
E. waste removal
Cranial bones are _____ bones.
flat
Tarsals are _____ bones.
short
The sternum is a _____ bone.
flat
The femur is a _____ bone.
long
The appendicular skeleton is…
The part of the human body that includes the bones in the arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvis, as well as the supporting structures that connect them to the axial skeleton
The axial skeleton is…
The central part of the human skeleton, made up of 80 bones in the head, neck, and trunk
Sesamoid bones form within certain ________.
tendons
_________ bones include the vertebrae and hip bones.
Irregular
Long bones include all limb bones except the _______, _______, and _________.
patella, tarsals, and carpals
What material makes up most of structure A?
hyaline cartilage
In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located?
B
What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the vessels and nerve?
lamellae
The blood vessels and nerve in the figure are found within which type of space?
Central (Haversian) canal
Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones?
A. articular cartilage
B. periosteum
C. osteoid
D. hydroxyapatite
D. hydroxyapatite
A homeostatic imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density.
A. osteocytes
B. chondroblasts
C. osteoblasts
D. osteoclasts
D. osteoclasts
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Osteon
What is the function of osteoblasts?
To create new bone matrix
What is the function of bone lining cells?
To maintain the bone matrix
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Bone resorption
What is the function of osteocytes?
Monitor and repair mature bone tissues
Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment?
A. groove
C. foramen
D. trochanter
D. trochanter
True or False:
The collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting forces.
True
Osteoblasts secrete _________ and _________ -binding proteins.
Collagen; calcium
Bone lining cells are ____ cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on.
Flat;
Osteoclasts are derived from the same hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into ______________.
Microphages
Osteoclasts secrete ________ ________ and ________ ions.
Digestive enzymes; hydrogen
Which statement regarding osteons is FALSE?
A. Osteons consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.
B. The inorganic matrix of an osteon gives it the ability to resist compression.
C. Collagen gives osteons the ability to resist twisting forces.
D. Osteons are found in all bone tissues
D. Osteons are found in all bone tissues
Osteons are found only in compact bone; they are absent in spongy bone.
Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely on this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins.
Ribosomes
What is intramembranous ossification?
the formation of bone from within fibrous membranes
What would be the physical sign that a bone cannot continue longitudinal growth?
an epiphyseal line
Which of the following statements is true?
A. During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone.
B. Most bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification.
C. Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes.
D. Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones.
A. During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone.
During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________.
growth hormone
What controls bone remodeling?
Mechanical stress and hormones
Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling?
A. glucagon
B. parathyroid hormone
C. low blood Ca2+ concentration
D. mechanical stress
A. glucagon
What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture?
Formation of a hematoma
What is an open (compound) fracture?
When the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin
Your patient is returning for follow-up 6 weeks after sustaining a nondisplaced fracture of his radius. He tells you that his forearm is no longer painful, but he is concerned that he can palpate a “lump” in the bone at the site of the healing fracture. What is your response?
“That bump is a normal part of bone healing at this stage. As your body completes the process, the cells in your bone will gradually remodel it to its previous shape.”
A bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light is…
osteoporosis
___________ is associated with excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption.
Paget’s disease
What hormone is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?
Calcitonin
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
Calcitrol
Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?
A. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B. calcitriol
C. calcitonin
B. calcitriol
You overhear some anatomy students imagining out loud what their bones would look like if they had compact bone on the inside and spongy bone on the outside, instead of the other way around. You tell them that such imaginary bones would be poorly designed mechanically and would break easily. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately support your claim?
A. An outer layer of spongy bone would be constantly damaged by the bending and twisting forces applied to the surface of bone.
B. Compact bone consists of osteons, which are made up of concentric lamellae with an alternating pattern of collagen fibers designed to resist torsional stress.
C. Made up of trabeculae that are only a few cell layers thick, spongy bone is much more fragile than compact bone.
D. Spongy bone consists of a thin organic matrix that serves to lighten the inside of bone, whereas compact bone consists of a dense inorganic matrix designed to resist stress.
D. Spongy bone consists of a thin organic matrix that serves to lighten the inside of bone, whereas compact bone consists of a dense inorganic matrix designed to resist stress.
Which bone would be formed by the process of intramembranous ossification?
Frontal bone
In long bone formation, from what embryonic structure does the articular hyaline cartilage on the end of an adult long bone arise?
A. from the periosteum
B. from the osteoblasts in the primary ossification center
C. from superficial tissues surrounding the bone as it develops
D. from the original hyaline cartilage bone model of the embryo
D. from the original hyaline cartilage bone model of the embryo
Which epiphyseal plate zone contains dying and deteriorating chondrocytes?
Calcification zone
What is the role of osteoclasts in the endosteum during long bone growth?
They proportionally increase the size of the medullary cavity as the bone grows to prevent the weight of the growing skeleton from becoming too heavy.
In a healthy, young adult, what determines where bone remodeling will occur?
Regional areas of mechanical stress
Why does bone remodeling occur in an adult skeleton?
To maintain adequate blood calcium levels
If a drug has the side effect of inhibiting osteoblast activity, how may taking this drug impact the patient’s skeletal system?
A. increased bone density
B. decreased bone density
C. reduction in blood calcium levels
D. increased bone growth
B. decreased bone density
What physiological processes allow growing bones to acquire their unique features such as processes, tuberosities, condyles, and fossae?
It results from mechanical stress and remodeling
Cell that deposits calcium into bone to make bones stronger.
Osteoblast
Mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue.
Osteocyte
Cell that breaks bone tissue down and releases calcium.
Osteoclast
What factors increase bone density?
- Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
- Weight-bearing exercise
- A diet with vitamin D and calcium
Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.
a. trochanter
b. fossa
c. meatus
d. foramen
a. trochanter
Cranial bones develop ________.
within fibrous membranes
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.
blood vessels and nerve fibers
What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?
cartilage
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.
appositional growth
In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to ________.
temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses
True or False:
Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.
False
Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following?
a. 25 year old female
b. 8 year old female
c. 60 year old male
d. 18 year old male
d. 18 year old male
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
growth hormone
Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?
a. abnormal PTH receptors
b. poor posture
c. estrogen deficiency due to menopause
d. heritage such as African or Mediterranean
c. estrogen deficiency due to menopause
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
Epiphyseal plate
Which bone would likely take the longest to heal?
a. finger bone of a young individual
b. thigh bone of an elderly individual
c. finger bone of an elderly individual
d. thigh bone of a young individual
b. thigh bone of an elderly individual
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone?
ramus
Osteomyelitis is ________.
due to pus-forming bacteria
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
osteoclasts
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
osteoblast
True or False:
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
True
True or False:
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
True
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
a. storage of minerals
b. support
c. production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
d. communication
d. communication
