Chapter #6 / Session #6 Flashcards
What is Metacognition?
Your knowledge about your cognitive processes, as well as your control of these cognitive processes.
What is the Levels of Processing approach on recall?
Levels of processing shows that you will generally recall information more accurately if you process it at a deep level, rather than a shallow level.
Deep levels of processing facilitate learning because they require ___ and ___.
elaboration // distinctiveness
What should you do if you want to emphasize Elaboration?
If you want to emphasize elaboration, you will concentrate on the specific meaning of a particular concept; you’ll also try to relate this concept to your prior knowledge and to interconnected concepts that you have already mastered.
You should emphasize rich, elaborate encoding, for instance, by explaining a concept to yourself.
What is Distinctiveness?
Means that one memory trace should be different from all other memory traces. People tend to forget information if it is not distinctly different from the other memory traces in their long-term memory.
What is the self-reference effect?
In which you enhance long-term memory by relating the material to your own experiences.
What is the encoding-specificity principle?
states that recall is often better if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time when your retrieval will be tested.
Context effects are often ___.
inconsistent
What is the total-time hypothesis?
The amount of information that you learn depends on the total time you devote to learning.
True or False: The number of hours spent studying is a predictor of a student’s grade-point average
False. Measuring “the number of hours spent studying” is not a predictor of a student’s grade-point average. Instead, study time predicts grade-point average only when the researchers also assess the quality of study strategies.
What is the distributed-practice effect?
You will remember more material if you spread your learning trials over time (spaced learning). You’ll remember less if you try “cramming,” by learning the material all at once (massed learning).
What is the testing effect?
Being tested on material also increases memory for the material.
What are Mnemonics?
Mnemonics are mental strategies designed to improve your memory.
Imagery is especially effective when the items that must be recalled are ___.
shown interacting with each other
An interacting visual image is especially helpful if the image is ___.
bizarre
One reason that visualization mnemonics are effective is that they are ___ and ___.
motivating // interesting
When you need to remember unfamiliar vocabulary items, the ___ is especially helpful.
keyword method
What is the keyword method?
In the keyword method, you identify an English word (the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word you want to learn. Then, you create an image that links the keyword with the meaning of this new word. The research on the keyword method shows that it can help students who are trying to learn new English vocabulary words, vocabulary in another language, or people’s names.
What is Chunking?
Chunking, in which we combine several small units into larger units, is a basic organizational principle that eases the processing demands on working memory
What are the four mnemonic strategies that emphasize organization?
Chunking, Hierarchy Technique, First-Letter Technique, and Narrative Technique
What is the Hierarchy Technique?
A hierarchy is a system in which items are arranged in a series of classes, from the most general classes to the most specific.
What is First-Letter Technique?
you take the first letter of each word you want to remember, and then you compose a word or a sentence from those letters. Maybe you learned the order of the colors of the rainbow by using the letters ROY G. BIV to recall Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet. As you may have learned in a statistics class, the nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales conveniently spell noir, the French word for “black.”
What is the Narrative Technique?
A fourth organizational method, called the narrative technique, instructs people to make up stories that link a series of words together.
What is retrospective memory?
Remembering information that you acquired in the past
What is prospective memory?
Remembering that you need to do something in the future.
Long-term opiate users and individuals with schizophrenia, and older adults experience a higher degree of ___-memory errors relative to control participants.
prospective
What is the most common type of memory error?
Prospective memory errors
What is the difference in focus in Perspective memory vs. Retrospective memory?
Prospective memory is typically focused on action. In contrast, retrospective memory is most likely to focus on remembering information and ideas
The research on prospective memory is more likely to emphasize ___.
ecological validity
What are similarities between Perspective memory and Retrospective memory?
-Your memory is more accurate for both kinds of memory tasks if you use both distinctive encoding and effective retrieval cues
-Both kinds of memory are more accurate when you have only a short delay prior to retrieval.
-Prospective memory and retrospective memory show similar rates of forgetting, with the passage of time.
-Prospective memory relies on regions of the frontal lobe that also play a role in retrospective memory.
Absentmindedness is a component of ___-memory.
prospective
The typical prospective-memory task represents a ___ situation.
divided-attention
Absentminded behavior is especially likely when the prospective-memory task requires you to disrupt a ___.
customary activity
Prospective-memory errors are more likely in ___ surroundings when you are performing a task ___.
highly familiar // automatically
When is Absentminded behaviour more likely to occur?
Absentminded behavior is also more likely if you are preoccupied or distracted, you are feeling time pressure, or find yourself otherwise under a lot of stress.
What is the one of the best ways to avoid prospective-memory errors?
One of the best ways to avoid prospective-memory errors is to provide yourself with reminders to complete a task at a certain point of time in the future. These reminders, however, must be distinctive if you want to perform a prospective-memory task.
What is an external memory aid?
An external memory aid is defined as any device, external to yourself, that facilitates your memory in some way.
What is self-knowledge?
self-knowledge is what people believe about themselves.
People often have limited consciousness about their ___. As a result, they may not be able to identify which factors actually helped them solve a problem.
higher mental processes
What is Metamemory?
Metamemory is a topic that refers to people’s knowledge, monitoring, and control of their memory. Metamemory is extremely important when you want to improve your memory.
What is the foresight bias?
foresight bias, or, the tendency, when studying for a future exam, to be overconfident about performance on that exam. In this case, individuals overestimate the number of answers they will correctly supply on a future test.
People tend to be ___ when they estimate the total number of correct items.
overconfident
People’s metamemory can be ___ when they predict which individual items they’ll remember and which ones they’ll forget.
highly accurate
People do not tend to provide accurate memory estimates for individual items if they make these estimates ___.
immediately after learning the items
How do students often regulate their study strategies?
When they have time to master a relatively easy task, they allocate the most time to the difficult items. On a more challenging task—with time pressure—they realistically adjust their study strategies so that they focus on the items they are likely to master in the limited time frame.
What is the tip-of-the-tongue effect?
The tip-of-the-tongue effect describes your subjective experience of knowing the target word for which you are searching, yet you cannot recall it right now
What is the feeling-of-knowing effect?
The feeling-of-knowing effect describes the subjective experience of knowing some information, but you cannot recall it right now
Bilingual individuals experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect ___ frequently than monolinguals.
more
The ___ prefrontal region of the cortex is more likely to be associated with the tip-of-the-tongue effect.
right
InThe ___ prefrontal region is more likely to be associated with the feeling-of-knowing effect .
left
What is Metacomprehension?
Metacomprehension refers to your thoughts about language comprehension.
True or False: College students are not very accurate in their metacomprehension skills.
True
True or False: an individual’s perception of her or his reading skill is a strong predictor of metacomprehension accuracy during reading-related tasks.
True
