Chapter #5 / Session #5

Question 1

What is Long-term memory?

Answer 1

Long-term memory refers to the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime.

Question 2

How long can information in long-term memory last?

Answer 2

Information in long-term memory can last for a few minutes to many decades.

Question 3

What are the 3 subtypes of Long-term memory?

Answer 3

episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory

Question 4

What is Episodic Memory?

Answer 4

Episodic memory focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backward in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life.
Episodic memory includes your memory for an event that occurred 10 years ago, as well as a conversation you had 10 minutes ago.

Question 5

What is Semantic memory?

Answer 5

Semantic memory describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information.

Question 6

The episodic and semantic components of our long-term memory store information based on ___.

Answer 6

meaning

Question 7

What is Procedural memory?

Answer 7

Procedural memory refers to your knowledge about how to do something.

Question 8

What occurs during Encoding?

Answer 8

During encoding, you process information and represent it in your memory.

Question 9

What occurs during Retrieval?

Answer 9

During retrieval, you locate information in storage, and you access that information.

Question 10

Many memory errors can be traced to inadequate ___ strategies.

Answer 10

retrieval

Question 11

Deep levels of processing encourage recall because of two factors: ___ and ___.

Answer 11

distinctiveness // elaboration

Question 12

What is Distinctiveness?

Answer 12

Distinctiveness means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces.

Question 13

What is Elaboration?

Answer 13

Elaboration requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts.

Question 14

What is the Self-reference effect?

Answer 14

According to the self-reference effect, you will remember more information if you try to relate that information to yourself.

Question 15

What is the encoding-specificity principle

Answer 15

the encoding-specificity principle states that recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding. When the two contexts do not match, you are more likely to forget the items.

Question 16

What occurs during a recall task?

Answer 16

On a recall task, the participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier. (For example, can you recall the definition for elaboration?)

Question 17

What occurs during a recognition task?

Answer 17

On a recognition task, the participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time. (For example, did the word morphology appear earlier in this chapter?)

Question 18

What are the two kinds of retrieval tasks?

Answer 18

explicit and implicit memory tasks.

Question 19

The most common explicit memory test is ___.

Answer 19

recall

Question 20

Both recall and recognition tasks are examples of ___ memory tasks.

Answer 20

explicit

Question 21

How does an explicit memory task work?

Answer 21

On an explicit memory task, a researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being tested, and the test requires you to intentionally retrieve some information that you previously learned.

Question 22

How does an implicit memory task work?

Answer 22

On an implicit memory task, you see the material (usually a series of words or pictures); later, during the test phase, you are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition.

Question 23

What is a Dissciation?

Answer 23

A dissociation occurs when a variable has large effects on Test A, but little or no effects on Test B; a dissociation also occurs when a variable has one kind of effect if measured by Test A, and the opposite effect if measured by Test B. The term dissociation is similar to the concept of a statistical interaction, a term that might sound familiar if you have completed a course in statistics.

Question 24

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

Answer 24

Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage. This deficit is especially severe for events that occurred during the years just before the damage.

Question 25

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

Answer 25

The loss of the ability to form memories for events that have occurred after brain damage

Question 26

What is Autobiographical memory?

Answer 26

Autobiographical memory usually includes a verbal narrative. It may also include imagery about these events, emotional reactions, and procedural information

Question 27

What does it mean if a study has Ecological validity?

Answer 27

A study has ecological validity if the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied.

Question 28

What is a Schema?

Answer 28

A schema consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something.

Question 29

We use schemas to ___.

Answer 29

guide our recall

Question 30

What is a Consistency bias?

Answer 30

We tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint.

Question 31

What is Source Monitoring?

Answer 31

Trying to identify the origin of a particular memory is called source monitoring.

For example: You are trying to recall where you learned some background information about a movie you saw recently. Did a friend tell you this information, or did you learn it from a review of the movie?

Question 32

What is Reality Monitoring?

Answer 32

In reality monitoring, you try to identify whether an event really occurred, or whether you actually imagined this event.

Question 33

What is the flashbulb-memory effect?

Answer 33

The term flashbulb memory refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event. Many people believe that they can accurately recall all the minor details about what they were doing at the time of this event.

Question 34

People’s memory for an expected event are ___ accurate as their memory for a surprising event.

Answer 34

just as

Question 35

What is the post-event misinformation effect?

Answer 35

In the post-event misinformation effect, people first view an event and are then given misleading information about it. Later on, they mistakenly recall the misleading information, rather than the event they actually saw.

Question 36

What is Proactive Interference (PI)?

Answer 36

Proactive interference means that people have trouble recalling new material because previously learned, old material keeps interfering with new memories.

Question 37

What is Retroactive Interference?

Answer 37

In retroactive interference, people have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories.

Question 38

What is the the constructivist approach to memory?

Answer 38

The constructivist approach to memory emphasizes that we construct knowledge by integrating new information with what we know. As a result, our understanding of an event or a topic is coherent, and it makes sense.

Question 39

What is one component of the constructivist approach?

Answer 39

the consistency bias is one component of the constructivist approach.

Question 40

People’s expertise is ___.

Answer 40

context specific

Question 41

What is the own-ethnicity bias/other-ethnicity effect/cross-ethnicity effect?

Answer 41

You are generally more accurate in identifying members of your own ethnic group than members of another ethnic group.

Question 42

What is the difference between emotion and mood?

Answer 42

psychologists define emotion as a reaction to a specific stimulus. In contrast, mood refers to a more general, long-lasting experience.

Question 43

What is the the Pollyanna Principle?

Answer 43

The Pollyanna Principle states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less-pleasant items. This principle holds true for a wide variety of phenomena in perception, language, and decision making

Question 44

Which emotional stimuli do we recall better?

Answer 44

We typically recall pleasant stimuli better than terrifying stimuli, which are—in turn—recalled better than blandly boring stimuli.

Question 45

How do people with anxiety disorders do on memory tests?

Answer 45

People who have anxiety disorders are similar to other people in their memory for high-anxiety words on implicit memory tasks and on explicit recognition tasks; however, they actually recall more anxiety-arousing words than other people.