Chapter #5 / Session #5 Flashcards
What is Long-term memory?
Long-term memory refers to the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime.
How long can information in long-term memory last?
Information in long-term memory can last for a few minutes to many decades.
What are the 3 subtypes of Long-term memory?
episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory
What is Episodic Memory?
Episodic memory focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backward in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life.
Episodic memory includes your memory for an event that occurred 10 years ago, as well as a conversation you had 10 minutes ago.
What is Semantic memory?
Semantic memory describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information.
The episodic and semantic components of our long-term memory store information based on ___.
meaning
What is Procedural memory?
Procedural memory refers to your knowledge about how to do something.
What occurs during Encoding?
During encoding, you process information and represent it in your memory.
What occurs during Retrieval?
During retrieval, you locate information in storage, and you access that information.
Many memory errors can be traced to inadequate ___ strategies.
retrieval
Deep levels of processing encourage recall because of two factors: ___ and ___.
distinctiveness // elaboration
What is Distinctiveness?
Distinctiveness means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces.
What is Elaboration?
Elaboration requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts.
What is the Self-reference effect?
According to the self-reference effect, you will remember more information if you try to relate that information to yourself.
What is the encoding-specificity principle
the encoding-specificity principle states that recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding. When the two contexts do not match, you are more likely to forget the items.
What occurs during a recall task?
On a recall task, the participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier. (For example, can you recall the definition for elaboration?)
What occurs during a recognition task?
On a recognition task, the participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time. (For example, did the word morphology appear earlier in this chapter?)
What are the two kinds of retrieval tasks?
explicit and implicit memory tasks.
The most common explicit memory test is ___.
recall
Both recall and recognition tasks are examples of ___ memory tasks.
explicit
How does an explicit memory task work?
On an explicit memory task, a researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being tested, and the test requires you to intentionally retrieve some information that you previously learned.
How does an implicit memory task work?
On an implicit memory task, you see the material (usually a series of words or pictures); later, during the test phase, you are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition.
What is a Dissciation?
A dissociation occurs when a variable has large effects on Test A, but little or no effects on Test B; a dissociation also occurs when a variable has one kind of effect if measured by Test A, and the opposite effect if measured by Test B. The term dissociation is similar to the concept of a statistical interaction, a term that might sound familiar if you have completed a course in statistics.
What is Retrograde Amnesia?
Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage. This deficit is especially severe for events that occurred during the years just before the damage.
What is Anterograde Amnesia?
The loss of the ability to form memories for events that have occurred after brain damage
What is Autobiographical memory?
Autobiographical memory usually includes a verbal narrative. It may also include imagery about these events, emotional reactions, and procedural information
What does it mean if a study has Ecological validity?
A study has ecological validity if the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied.
What is a Schema?
A schema consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something.
We use schemas to ___.
guide our recall
What is a Consistency bias?
We tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint.
What is Source Monitoring?
Trying to identify the origin of a particular memory is called source monitoring.
For example: You are trying to recall where you learned some background information about a movie you saw recently. Did a friend tell you this information, or did you learn it from a review of the movie?
What is Reality Monitoring?
In reality monitoring, you try to identify whether an event really occurred, or whether you actually imagined this event.
What is the flashbulb-memory effect?
The term flashbulb memory refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event. Many people believe that they can accurately recall all the minor details about what they were doing at the time of this event.
People’s memory for an expected event are ___ accurate as their memory for a surprising event.
just as
What is the post-event misinformation effect?
In the post-event misinformation effect, people first view an event and are then given misleading information about it. Later on, they mistakenly recall the misleading information, rather than the event they actually saw.
What is Proactive Interference (PI)?
Proactive interference means that people have trouble recalling new material because previously learned, old material keeps interfering with new memories.
What is Retroactive Interference?
In retroactive interference, people have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories.
What is the the constructivist approach to memory?
The constructivist approach to memory emphasizes that we construct knowledge by integrating new information with what we know. As a result, our understanding of an event or a topic is coherent, and it makes sense.
What is one component of the constructivist approach?
the consistency bias is one component of the constructivist approach.
People’s expertise is ___.
context specific
What is the own-ethnicity bias/other-ethnicity effect/cross-ethnicity effect?
You are generally more accurate in identifying members of your own ethnic group than members of another ethnic group.
What is the difference between emotion and mood?
psychologists define emotion as a reaction to a specific stimulus. In contrast, mood refers to a more general, long-lasting experience.
What is the the Pollyanna Principle?
The Pollyanna Principle states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less-pleasant items. This principle holds true for a wide variety of phenomena in perception, language, and decision making
Which emotional stimuli do we recall better?
We typically recall pleasant stimuli better than terrifying stimuli, which are—in turn—recalled better than blandly boring stimuli.
How do people with anxiety disorders do on memory tests?
People who have anxiety disorders are similar to other people in their memory for high-anxiety words on implicit memory tasks and on explicit recognition tasks; however, they actually recall more anxiety-arousing words than other people.
