chapter 6 section 1-2

Question 1

earth centered view of the universe

Answer 1

geocentric theory

Question 2

a major change in european thoughts, starting in the mid 1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

Answer 2

scientific revolution

Question 3

the geocentric theory came from ____ and _____

Answer 3

aristotle, ptolemy

Question 4

a polish cleric that promoted the heliocentric theory

Answer 4

nicolaus copernicus

Question 5

theory about the movement of the planets that puts the sun at the center of the universe

Answer 5

heliocentric theory

Question 6

nicolaus didn’t publish his ideas until later in life because fear of _____ and _____

Answer 6

scholars, clergy

Question 7

danish astronomer who carefully recorded the movements of the planets for many years

Answer 7

tycho brahe

Question 8

assistant to brahe, concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion

Answer 8

johannes kepler

Question 9

italian scientist who built his own telescope to study the universe

Answer 9

galileo galilei

Question 10

galileo published a book called _____

Answer 10

starry messenger

Question 11

a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypothesis

Answer 11

scientific method

Question 12

an unproved assumption

Answer 12

hypothesis

Question 13

francis bacon shamed others for relying to heavily on the conclusion of _____

Answer 13

aristotle

Question 14

or the experimental method, experiment and then draw conclusions

Answer 14

empiricism

Question 15

rené descartes developed __________ which linked algebra and geometry

Answer 15

analytical geometry

Question 16

brought together the ideas of copernicus, kepler, and galileo under a single theory of motion

Answer 16

isaac newton

Question 17

newton published in 1687-

Answer 17

the mathematical principles of natural philosophy

Question 18

______ invented the microscope

Answer 18

zacharias janssen

Question 19

_____ observed bacteria and red blood cells

Answer 19

anton van leeuwenhoek

Question 20

_____ developed 1st mercury barometer

Answer 20

evangelista torricelli

Question 21

______ made the first thermometer

Answer 21

gabriel fahrenheit

Question 22

a flemish physician that disproved galen by dissecting human remains

Answer 22

andreas vesalius

Question 23

created the first vaccination, used cowpox to give protection to humans from smallpox

Answer 23

edward jenner

Question 24

pioneered the use of the scientific method in chemistry; considered the founder of modern chemistry

Answer 24

robert boyle

Question 25

laws explain how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other

Answer 25

boyle’s law

Question 26

a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

Answer 26

enlightenment

Question 27

the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government

Answer 27

social contract

Question 28

_______ believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves

Answer 28

john locke

Question 29

all people are born free and equal with 3 natural rights of ___,____, and _____

Answer 29

life, liberty, property

Question 30

_____ became a place for people who wanted to discuss politics and ideas

Answer 30

paris

Question 31

one of a group of social thinkers in france during the enlightenment

Answer 31

philosophes

Question 32

1. enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking

Answer 32

reason

Question 33

2. the philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable

Answer 33

nature

Question 34

3. the philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth

Answer 34

happiness

Question 35

4. the philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve

Answer 35

progress

Question 36

5. the philosophes called for the liberties that the english people had won in their glorious revolution and bill or rights

Answer 36

liberty

Question 37

pen name of francois marie arouet, often targeted the clergy, the aristocracy and the government with his more than 70 essays, philosophy, and drama

Answer 37

voltaire

Question 38

french writer, who devoted himself to the study of political liberty

Answer 38

baron de montesquieu

Question 39

called the balance between the three branches of government________

Answer 39

separation of powers

Question 40

son of a poor swiss watchmaker was passionately committed to individual freedom

Answer 40

jean jacques rousseau

Question 41

italian philosphe who believed in criminal rights and spoke out against common abuse of justice

Answer 41

cesare bonesana beccaria

Question 42

wrote a serious proposal to the ladies which addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women

Answer 42

mary astell

Question 43

wrote a vindication of the rights of woman argued that women need education to become virtuous and useful

Answer 43

mary wollstonecraft

Question 44

they weren’t revolutionaries but they did inspire _____ and _____ revolutions

Answer 44

american, french