chapter 6 section 1-2 Flashcards
earth centered view of the universe
geocentric theory
a major change in european thoughts, starting in the mid 1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs
scientific revolution
the geocentric theory came from ____ and _____
aristotle, ptolemy
a polish cleric that promoted the heliocentric theory
nicolaus copernicus
theory about the movement of the planets that puts the sun at the center of the universe
heliocentric theory
nicolaus didn’t publish his ideas until later in life because fear of _____ and _____
scholars, clergy
danish astronomer who carefully recorded the movements of the planets for many years
tycho brahe
assistant to brahe, concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion
johannes kepler
italian scientist who built his own telescope to study the universe
galileo galilei
galileo published a book called _____
starry messenger
a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypothesis
scientific method
an unproved assumption
hypothesis
francis bacon shamed others for relying to heavily on the conclusion of _____
aristotle
or the experimental method, experiment and then draw conclusions
empiricism
rené descartes developed __________ which linked algebra and geometry
analytical geometry
brought together the ideas of copernicus, kepler, and galileo under a single theory of motion
isaac newton
newton published in 1687-
the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
______ invented the microscope
zacharias janssen
_____ observed bacteria and red blood cells
anton van leeuwenhoek
_____ developed 1st mercury barometer
evangelista torricelli
______ made the first thermometer
gabriel fahrenheit
a flemish physician that disproved galen by dissecting human remains
andreas vesalius
created the first vaccination, used cowpox to give protection to humans from smallpox
edward jenner
pioneered the use of the scientific method in chemistry; considered the founder of modern chemistry
robert boyle
laws explain how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other
boyle’s law
a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
enlightenment
the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
social contract
_______ believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves
john locke
all people are born free and equal with 3 natural rights of ___,____, and _____
life, liberty, property
_____ became a place for people who wanted to discuss politics and ideas
paris
one of a group of social thinkers in france during the enlightenment
philosophes
- enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking
reason
- the philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable
nature
- the philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth
happiness
- the philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve
progress
- the philosophes called for the liberties that the english people had won in their glorious revolution and bill or rights
liberty
pen name of francois marie arouet, often targeted the clergy, the aristocracy and the government with his more than 70 essays, philosophy, and drama
voltaire
french writer, who devoted himself to the study of political liberty
baron de montesquieu
called the balance between the three branches of government________
separation of powers
son of a poor swiss watchmaker was passionately committed to individual freedom
jean jacques rousseau
italian philosphe who believed in criminal rights and spoke out against common abuse of justice
cesare bonesana beccaria
wrote a serious proposal to the ladies which addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women
mary astell
wrote a vindication of the rights of woman argued that women need education to become virtuous and useful
mary wollstonecraft
they weren’t revolutionaries but they did inspire _____ and _____ revolutions
american, french
