Chapter 6 Rome (Student Made)

Question 1

Marcus Lepidus

Answer 1

Lepidus was one of the three members of the Second Triumvirate. He is best known as the weakest link of the three (Octavian, Mark Antony and him), and is taken out by the other two early on in the alliance, and the last Pontifex Maximus of the Roman Republic.

Question 2

Triumvirate

Answer 2

A system where three people rule the country / e.g. First Triumvirate formed by Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. Second triumvirate was formed by Lepidus, Octavian, Mark Antony.

Question 3

Colloseum

Answer 3

Big architecture / legacy / building built in Rome for slaves to fight, and riches to be entertained. Many architectures today are inspired from Colosseum.

Question 4

Republic

Answer 4

A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives.

Question 5

Romulus

Answer 5

The brother of Remus. He was known to be raised up by a wolf and later killed his brother Remus to claim that he is the leader.

Question 6

Rome

Answer 6

Rome is the first capital of the Roman Empire, which was founded by the twins Romulus and Remes.

Question 7

Julius Caesar

Answer 7

One of the members of first triumvirate (who lead the Roman military). He led successful campaigns in Gaul, making him very famous and popular. The Senate and Pompey feel threatened by Caesar. Civil war broke out, and Caesar takes over by defeating Pompey in the Civil War. He was guaranteed the life-long dictatorship. Caesar was murdered by getting stabbed 23 times by the senators (lead by Brutus and Cassias) who thought Caesar is trying to be the dictator. This incident is called, ‘Ides of March.’ He is the father of Octavian who becomes the first Emperor of Rome.

Question 8

Mark Antony

Answer 8

One of the members of the second triumvirate/ Defended Julius Caesar and defeated Brutus/ Fell in love with Cleopatra/ Feared Octavian / Thought Lepidus to be a pushover. He was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire.

Question 9

Denarius

Answer 9

Roman silver coin that was used as money. The denarius would later face great inflation in the latter years of the Empire.

Question 10

Republic

Answer 10

A state where the power is held by the people and their elected representatives. Government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law.

Question 11

Twelve Tables

Answer 11

The curved table that has Roman laws written; which became the basis for later Roman law. This law confirmed that the all the free citizens would be protected by law. This was available for the low-class people

Question 12

Etruscans

Answer 12

Native to northern Italy who influenced the development of Roman civilization. Usually, skilled metalworkers and engineers were considered as Etruscans.

Question 13

Senate

Answer 13

The governing “Power Holder” of the Rome. Made up of 300 members. The aristocracy chose the senators for life. This controlled the foreign and financial policies and advised the consuls.

Question 14

Aqueduct

Answer 14

A system of arches in which water was transported to the city which was designed by the Roman engineers. It was lifted high up on arches when the water channel spanned a river.

Question 15

Octavian

Answer 15

“One of the second triumvirates. Octavian took the Western half of the Roman Empire when the triumvirate fell apart.
The youngest of the three, he was also the most ambitious.
A Ruthless leader. Rome united under Octavian’s rule. “

Question 16

Apostles

Answer 16

The twelve men who are decliples of Jesus, known as messengers of Jesus Christ. Interestingly, only those 12 apostles were saved by Jesus among about 5,000 decliples.

Question 17

Mercenary

Answer 17

Soliders who fight for money -> no patriotism Mercenary doesn’t have royalty and doesn’t fight for the country

Question 18

Cleopatra

Answer 18

An Egyptian princess, who loved Mark Antony, even though Mark Antony is the former husband of Octavian’s sister. Later, when Cleopatra recognizes that Mark Antony dies, she commits suicide with a poisonous snake.

Question 19

Plebeians

Answer 19

Plebeians are the lower classes in Ancient Rome, these include artisans, merchants, and farmers, which is the important group who made up the majority of the population. One of them became a king of Rome (around 600 B.C.)

Question 20

Scipio

Answer 20

The general for the Roman army who helps defeat Hannibal and the city of Carthage. Scipio the great is the consul of Rome.

Question 21

Patrician

Answer 21

The wealthy landowners who held most of the power, and they had rights to be involved in the politics. They inherited their power and social status. They claimed that their ancestry gave them the authority to make laws for Rome.

Question 22

Constantine

Answer 22

The first king who converted Rome to Christianity. He moves the Roman capital to Byzantium. His father became Caesar, the deputy emperor in the west in 293 AD. He strengthened the administrative, military and financials for the empire. He built an imperial resistance at Byzantium and renamed the city as Constantinople after himself.

Question 23

Tribunes

Answer 23

Elected representatives who protect the political rights of the plebeians.They were divided as two groups,the military tribunes and the tribunes of the plebs.

Question 24

Latin

Answer 24

The main language of the Roman people. Classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. Spoken in Latium

Question 25

Hercules

Answer 25

The Roman mythological God - symbol of Roman adopting Greek myths. He is a son of Zeus and he is famous for his power. Furthermore, the Emperor Commodus liked this god so much that he renamed the month of September and October as “Menis Hercules”.

Question 26

Dictators

Answer 26

Leaders with absolute power appointed briefly for a maximum of 6 months in times of crisis. Julius Caesar appointed himself to be a dictator for life, having no terms in limits.

Question 27

Villa

Answer 27

A large country estate. It was ancient Roman upper-class country house. Wealthy Roman escape the summer hill around Rome on specially they ecaspe area of Frascati, called haadrian Villa.

Question 28

Attila the Hun

Answer 28

Ruler of the Huns. His invasion of Europe in the late 4th century caused Germanic Tribes to invade Rome to flee his forces. This causes the sacking of Rome. In the East, his armies attacked and plundered 70 cities.

Question 29

Pax Romana

Answer 29

“A long period of peace and economic prosperity for 200 years in Rome. Means ‘Roman Peace’ in Latin”

Question 30

Gladiator

Answer 30

A person usually slaves or prisoners, who fight in a ring. A famous place where they held gladiator battles was the Colosseum. They usually fought until another fighter can’t fight. If they had to, they killed each other. Colosseum’s seats were built in the form of stairs so the people from the back can see the match clearly too.

Question 31

Consul

Answer 31

Two people that rule the empire of Rome who commanded the army and directed the government. They have only a year to rule as a consul, which limited their power.

Question 32

Mercenary

Answer 32

A soldier who fights for pay. Prominent examples include the Carthaginian mercenary. A major disadvantage of having mercenaries is their lack of loyalty. Many historians point out the increase in mercenaries as one of the many issues the Roman Empire faced in her latter years.

Question 33

Marcus Aurelias

Answer 33

An emperor who brought economic prosperity to empire and wrote philosophy. He was the last ‘good’ emperor of Roman.

Question 34

Roman Legion

Answer 34

Rome’s military unit of about 5000 infantry. They were supported by cavalry(기갑부대). Was composed of 10 cohorts. This powerful army was one of the key factor of Rome’s great rise. They were composed of centuries; 100 people led by a centurion.

Question 35

Punic Wars

Answer 35

Three wars that happened between Rome and Carthage from 264 ~ 146 B.C. Resulting in a Roman victory and the burning of Carthage. There are until 3rd Punic Wars. ( Main vocab : Elephant, Mercenary War, 8000 prisoners )

Question 36

Hannibal

Answer 36

Carthaginian general who surprises the Romans by invading them across the Alps with more than 30 elephants and an Iberian army. Eventually he was defeated by the Roman general, Scipio.

Question 37

Ides of March

Answer 37

Dictator Caesar was assassinated by a group of a senators. Stabbed 23 times. Those who killed him were mostly Optimates (rich nobles in the senate) and feared that Caesars reforms would weakens their power. Following the assasination, the two main conspirators (Casssias and Brutus) were killed or forced to commit suicide. It was Match 15 left on Roman calendar style. Caesar was assassinated 44 BC on Month of March date.

Question 38

Legal code (Rome)

Answer 38

Twelve tables - a list of rules that was the basis of the ancient Roman legal system. A code of laws adopted by nation.

Question 39

Patricians

Answer 39

Wealthy ruling class families that holds most of the power in Rome.

Question 40

Inflation

Answer 40

Drastically decline in value of money and rise in

prices which weakens the trade.

Question 41

Empire

Answer 41

A extensive group of states or countries under sinlge authority, Mostly emperor or emperess

Question 42

Carthage

Answer 42

The capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization had participated in Punic War with Rome. However, the Carthaginian civilization was destroyed by the Roman Republic during the third Punic war in 146BC.

Question 43

Nero

Answer 43

An emperor who persecuted massive number of christians. He was good administer of the rome, and develop the culture, but he is define as vicious.

Question 44

Epistle to the Romans

Answer 44

Or also known as ‘Letter to the Romans’ is Sixth book of the New testament. It is known that Apostle Paul is known to have composed it.

Question 45

Martyr

Answer 45

A person who is willing to suffer death for his or her religion. For instance, the Roman Christians who died for Christianity despite of Nero’s persecution are martyrs.

Question 46

Caligula

Answer 46

“Emperor from 37-41AD
-He considered himself as a living god
-Made parents watch the executions of their children
-By 41AD, people were sick of Caligulas rule and
ambushed him. He was stabbed 30 times. Record depicts him as unpredictable but cruel leader “

Question 47

Augustus

Answer 47

He was the adopted son of Julius Caesar. In 27 B.C.E. he convinced the senate to give him supreme power and name him “Augustus” which means “exalted one.” This marked the beginning of the Roman Empire. His 40 year reign was one of the most successful in Roman history.

Question 48

Economic Turmoil

Answer 48

•Big Gap between rich and poor
widens as Roman Republic
grows
•Farmers, former soldiers, lose
to large estates; become
homeless. It is an extended period of political unstability and social unrest. Julius Ceaser tried to release the gap between the poor and the rich.

Question 49

(P.E.M.S.)

Fall of Western Rome

Answer 49

Political: damaged by civil war, difficult to run without military/ Economic: Poor harvest, Inflation, Crushing tax, Disruption of Trade/ Military: Threat from Northern European, Decline loyalty (mercenaries)/ Social: Decline interest to public affair, Disloyalty, Gap between wealth and poor The invading army reached the outskirts of Rome, which had been left totally undefended. In 410 C.E., the Visigoths, led by Alaric, breached the walls of Rome and sacked the capital of the Roman Empire.

Question 50

Defensive Aggression

Answer 50

The Romans find “potential” enemies at their borders and preemptively attack. It was utilized by rulers such as Napoleon and Hitler.

Question 51

Gods and Goddesses

Answer 51

“Early Romans honor guardian spirits and
gods Jupiter, Juno, Minerva
Worship of emperor becomes part of
official religion of Rome, also the temple that entire major gods was named The Pantheon.”

Question 52

Marcus Aurelius

Answer 52

A Roman Emperor. Ruled from 161 to 180. He is the last ‘Great Emperor.’ He practiced Stoicism, as a philosopher. He wrote the ‘Meditations,’ therefore he is called the Philosopher King. He is the father of Commodus. He brought the empire to the height of economic prosperity. He successfully defeated invaders.

Question 53

Tyrannicides

Answer 53

The killing of a tyrant (tyrant slayers). Ides of March, (Julius Caesar’s death), is one of the examples of tyrannicides. A lot of leaders were killed in excuse of ‘tyrannicides.’ Caligula was also the victim of tyrannicides.

Question 54

Gallic Wars

Answer 54

Serious of military campaign between Rome led by Julius Caesar and the Gauls (present day U.K, Germany and some part of France). Made Julius Caesar popular in Rome, helped him to grab for more power. It allowed Rome to secure access to the Rhine River (in Netherlands). Many Gauls were killed during the war. The Battle of Alesia secured Roman victory and after this battle, Gaul became a Roman province. Romans had 1 to 3 disadvantage but still won.

Question 55

Legacy

Answer 55

Money or property that is transmitted or received after someone dies -> Generations to generations / Legacy of Rome: Christianity, Republic, Latin, Dictator, Colosseum, and the Latin language.

Question 56

Diaspora

Answer 56

“Centuries of Jewish exile

(from Greek word for “dispersal”) “

Question 57

Genocide

Answer 57

The act of killing massive amount of people, especially of a certain group with a shared tradition. Similar with massacre.

Question 58

Civil war

Answer 58

Conflict between same countrymen (People in same country or region) Ex) Julius Caeser fought Pompey in a civil war to gain control of Rome when he returned from the Gallic wars

Question 59

Rome’s Enduring Influence

Answer 59

By preserving and adding to Greek civilization, Rome strengthened the Western cultural tradition, and the language. Modern days’ law is based on roman system. For example, person is innocent until they’ve proved guilty. British and US government, senate are based on the Roman Government. Also, 3000 years ago, Homer wrote down the Odyssey and lliad and now, English 9 students are reading the book Odyssey. Even stadium all around the worlds are structured based on the Colosseum. Finally, English, Roman alphabet, and Spanish are based on Latin language.

Question 60

Constantinople

Answer 60

“Constantine I becomes emperor of Western
Empire in A.D. 312 Seizes Eastern Empire in
A.D. 324; moves Roman capital to Byzantium
Byzantium was eventually renamed as Constantinople—
city of Constantine. Nowadays, this city is known as Istanbul, and Turkey. “

Question 61

Gladiators

Answer 61

A person engaged in a fight to the death as public entertainment for ancient Romans in Colosseum. Some of the slaves became Gladiators, and some were forced to fight.The word “Gladiator” came from a Latin word “gladius,” which means sword.

Question 62

Carthage

Answer 62

City state that fought Rome three times in Punic war. 264 BC, 146 BC

Question 63

Jewish Rebellion

Answer 63

Jews rebellion against Rome made Romans storm Jerusalem and destroy temples during this period. About half million Jews were killed, and lots of Jews were exiled from their homeland. This dispersal is also called as Diaspora.