Chapter 6 Reading Smoke Flashcards

1
Q

Define Backdraft

A

AN explosive event that occurs when air is suddenly reintroduced into a closed space that is filled with pressurized, ignition-tempature, and oxygen deprived products of combustion and pyrolysis

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2
Q

Define Black fire

A

A slang term for smoke that is high-volume, has turbulent velocity, is ultra-dense, and is dep black; a sign of impending autoignition and flashover

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3
Q

Define explosive growth phase

A

A rapid fire growth phenomenon that occurs when combustion air is reintroduced into a ventilation-controlled fire, leading to smoke flame-over and room and/or hallway

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4
Q

Define flashover

A

A sudden hostile fire event that occurs when all the surfaces and contents of a space reach their ignition temperature nearly simultaneously, resulting in a full-room fire involvement

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5
Q

Define flow path

A

An avenue that heat, smoke, flames, and combustion air follow

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6
Q

Define ghosting

A

A hostile fire event warning sign that is characterized as the intermittent ignition of small pockets of smoke; usually seen as fingers of flame that dance through the upper smoke layer

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7
Q

Define hostile fire event

A

A fire behavior phenomenon that can suddenly harm firefighters; events include explosive growth phase, flashover, backdraft, smoke explosion, and flame-over

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8
Q

Define pyrolysis

A

Also referred to as pyrolytic decomposition, the chemical breakdown of compounds into other substances by heat alone

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9
Q

Define smoke

A

The products of incomplete combustion and pyrolysis; it includes an aggregate of particles, aerosols, and fire gases that are toxic, flammable, and volatile

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10
Q

Define smoke explosion

A

A hostile fire event that occurs when a spark or flame is introduced into a pocket of smoke that is below ignition temperature but above some aggregate flashpoint. The result is a split-second ignition and rapid expansion of that pocket with no sustained burning

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11
Q

What are the four key attributes of smoke?

A

volume, velocity, density, color

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12
Q

What two sources is smoke developed?

A

incomplete combustion, pyrolitic decomposition

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13
Q

Define aerosols

A

suspended or propelled liquid

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14
Q

Define off-aggregating

A

releasing a mix of particulates and aerosols as well as gases
slang term is off gassing

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15
Q

3 things smoke is made up of

A

particulates, aerosols, gases

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16
Q

Carbon that can support flaming

A

Soot

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17
Q

Define Ash

A

Trace metals and minerals (depleated salts) that can no longer support flame

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18
Q

Related to reading smoke define colors of carbon (soot) in smoke vs Ash in smoke

A

carbon adds flat dry black color

ash adds dirty white color

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19
Q

What are the primary liquids in smoke?

A

moisture and hydrocarbons

20
Q

What gives smoke a satin wet color?

A

Hydrocarbons

21
Q

List the gases that are present in smoke that affect fire behavior?

A

CO, Hydrogen cyanide, benzene, acrolein, hydrogen sulfide

22
Q

Smoke is ignitable as low as ___ degrees and flammable range of ___ to ____

A

450F, 1 to 74% in air

23
Q

Define piloted ignition

A

smoke gases below ignition temp but above flashpoint needing only a proper air mix and sudden spark or flame to complete ignition

24
Q

What can tell the ISO what is about to happen in a structure fire?

A

Smoke flow

25
What are the factors of a six-phased growth model (vent controlled model)
size of individual compartments type, quantity, and continuity of fire load presence or lack of smoke and fire control systems available flow paths through adjoining compartments and the exterior of the building size and status of exterior openings
26
What are the phases of ventilation-controlled fire?
``` ignition phase initial growth phase ventilation-limited phase explosive growth phase fully developed phase decay phase ```
27
Event that brings together heat, fuel, and oxygen to start the self-sustaining process of combustion
Ignition phase
28
fire growth phase controlled by the proximity of burning fuels to other burnable fuels. pyrolysis begins and smoke production become abundant
initial growth phase
29
Phase of compartmentalized fire condition where open flaming decreases due to smoke displacing available combustion air
Ventilation-limited phase
30
Phase of rapid fire growth that occurs when combustion air is reintroduced into a ventilation-controlled fire leading to smoke flame over and flashover
Explosive growth phase
31
Phase of total flame involvement of the interior flow paths
Fully developed phase
32
Phase of available fuels consumed and fire begins to wane
Decay phase
33
What are the hostile fire events?
flashover, backdraft, smoke explosion, and flame over
34
Define flame over
ignition and sustained burning of the overhead smoke layer within a room and/or hallway
35
What typically originates at the seat of the fire and travels along the heat flow path
Flame over
36
Which direction does flames travel in a ventilation limited flame over?
Toward the seat of the fire along the heat flow path
37
Event that typically occurs in an area away from the fire such as a dead-end hallway, top of a stairwell, an uninvolved room above the fire or a void space
Smoke explosion
38
Difference between a explosive growth event and backdraft?
backdraft is instantaneous and explosive growth event occurs over 10 - 90 seconds
39
What are the warning signs of flashover?
turbulent smoke flow that has filled a compartment Ghosting Vent-point ignition (exterior autoignition) Rapid change in smoke volume and velocity
40
What are the warning signs of Backdraft
yellowish gray smoke emitting from cracks and seams bowing, black stained windows closed pressurized box with signs of extreme heat puffing from the cracks and seams of a closed box
41
What are the warning signs of a smoke explosion
Smoke that is being trapped in a separate space above the fire signs of a growing fire signs of smoke starting to pressurize
42
What are the warning signs of a flame over?
Increase in smoke speed Ghosting Laminar flow of smoke that is becoming turbulent Smoke flowing from hallways and stairways faster than a ff can move
43
What are the four distinctive characteristics for smoke?
Volume, velocity, density, and color (VVDC)
44
What are the two forces that cause smoke to pressurize
convection heat, smoke volume
45
Volume pushed smoke does what outside the fire building?
it will immediately slow down and balance with outside airflow