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Sedgwick County Capt > Chapter 5 Reading Buildings > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Reading Buildings Flashcards

1
Q

Define Axial Load

A

A load that is imposed through the centroid of tanother object

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2
Q

Define Balloon framing

A

A construction method in which continuous wood studs run from the foundation to the roof, and floors are placed on a shelf-called a ribbon board-that hangs on the interior surface of the studs

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3
Q

In balloon framing what does the floor rest on

A

ribbon board hanging on the interior surface of the studs

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4
Q

Define beam

A

A structural element that transfers loads perpendicularly to the imposed load

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5
Q

Define Brittle

A

Description for a material that will fracture or fail as it is deformed or stressed past its design limits

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6
Q

Define Cantilever Beam

A

A beam supported at only one end, or a beam that extends well past a support in such a way that the unsupported overhang places the top of th ebeam in tension and the bottom in compression

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7
Q

Define Collapse zone

A

The area that is exposed to trauma, debris, and /or thrust should a building or part of a building collapse. It is a more specific form of a no-entry zone

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8
Q

Define Column

A

A structural element that transmits a compressive force axially through its center

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9
Q

Define Compression

A

A force that causes a material to be crushed or flattened axially through the material

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10
Q

Define Connection

A

A structural element used to attach other structural elements to one another

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11
Q

Define continuous beam

A

A beam that is supported in three or more places

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12
Q

Define Curtain wall

A

A non-loading-bearing wall that supports only itself and is used just to keep weather out

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13
Q

Define Dead Load

A

The weight of the building itself and anything permanently attached to it

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14
Q

Define Ductile

A

Description for a material that will bend, deflect, or stretch as a force is resisted, yet retain some strength

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15
Q

Define Eccentric load

A

A load that is imposed off-center to anther object

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16
Q

Define Emergency abandonment

A

A strict order for all crews to immediately escape from a building interior or roof, leaving hose lines and tools that can impede rapid retreat behind

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17
Q

Define Engineered wood

A

A host of products that consist of many pieces of native wood (chips, veneers, and sawdust) glued together to make a sheet, a long beam, or a strong column

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18
Q

Define false work

A

Temporary shoring, bracing, or formwork, used to support incomplete structural elements during building construction

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19
Q

Define General Collapse

A

The complete failure of a building to resist gravity

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20
Q

Define Girder

A

A beam that carries other beams

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21
Q

Define Hybrid building

A

A building that is a mix of multiple NFPA 220 types or that does not fit into any of the five types

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22
Q

Define a lintel

A

A beam that spans an opening in a load-bearing masonry wall, such as over a garage door opening (often called a “header” in street slang)

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23
Q

Define Live load

A

Any force or weight, other than the building itself, that a building must carry or absorb

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24
Q

Define a partial collapse

A

An event in which the building can accept the failure of a single component and still retain some strength (such as curtain wall collapse)

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25
Define platform framing
A construction method in which a single-story wall is built and the next floor is built on the tops of the wall studs, creating vertical fire-stopping to help minimize fire spread
26
Define Precautionary Withdrawal
A directive for crews to exit a building interior or roof in an orderly manner, bringing hoses and tools along
27
Define Raker
A diagonal brace that serves primarily as a column but must absorb some beam forces as well
28
Define Shear
A force that causes a material to be torn in opposite directions perpendicular or diagonal to the material
29
Define spalling
The crumbling and loss of a concrete material when exposed to heat
30
Define spreader
A seemingly decorative star or other metal plate used to distribute force over more bricks or blocks as part of an unseen corrective measure that exists inside a building
31
Define tension
A force that causes a material to be stretched or pulled apart in line with the material
32
Define truss
A series of triangles used to from an open-web structural element to act as a beam
33
Define veneer wall
A decorative wall finish that supports only its own weight
34
What is the starting point for predicting collapse potential at a structure fire
various methods used to classify a building, building classifications
35
In building terms stressful elements create....What?
Loads
36
5 ways loads are delivered
Concentrated, distributed, static, suspended, or impact
37
What is stress and strain imposed on building materials
Force
38
What is imposed on building materials
Loads
39
3 types of forces
compression, tension, shear
40
What material characteristics affect response to force
Type, shape, orientation, mass
41
What directly affects a materials fire resistance
mass, or surface to mass ratio
42
Mass = ______________ | Heat resistance = _________________
heat resistance, time
43
What type of material breaks before it bends
brittle
44
What type of material bends before it breaks
ductile
45
Two types of wood burning characteristics
native wood, engineered wood
46
What happens to rough cut native wood when exposed to flame?
surface char, slows burn rate
47
What happens to planed smooth finished native wood when exposed to flame
alligator check, speeding burn rate
48
At what temp does cold drawn steel lose 55% of its strength?
800 degrees
49
At what temp does extruded structural steel lose 50% of its strenght?
1100 degrees
50
At 1100 degrees, how much does a beam expand by?
10 inches
51
What is the strength of cement mostly dependent on?
Ratio of water to portland cement
52
When heated what causes concrete to expand and spall?
Moisture
53
What does a masonry wall rely on to keep it strong?
Axially imposed force
54
What causes cracks in the binding mortar in masonry walls
heating causes different heat stresses between the blocks and mortar
55
Slang term for lightweight wooden i-beams and what are they composed of?
I-joists, laminated veneer lumber, oriented strand board
56
Stud wall is a form of what?
Wall column
57
What dictates the amount of load a beam can carry or distance it can span?
The distance between the top of the beam and the bottom of the beam
58
Another name for chord on an I-beam
flange
59
Material between chords or flanges in beams
Web or stem
60
Define simple beam
a beam that is supported at the two points near its ends
61
Define Joist
A wood framing member used to support floors or roof sheeting
62
Define Purlin
A series of beams placed perpendicularly to other trusses or beams to help support roof decking
63
What does conventional construction consist of?
Solid wood or steel beams in the floors and roof
64
What does truss construction consist of?
open-webbed beams
65
What is the peak sometimes called?
Ridge board
66
A vaulted ceiling is missing what member?
Ceiling joists
67
What does a scissor-truss consist of?
Pitches in the bottom chord
68
3 types of trusses
Triangular, parallel chord truss, arched truss
69
What is a parallel chord truss?
Both top and bottom chord run in the same plane. Creating a flat roof or floor
70
Which truss does only the top chord attach to support?
Parallel chord truss
71
Most common type of truss?
Triangle truss
72
Two types of arched truss
Rigid frame, bow string
73
What are the 3 general types of connections
Pinned, rigid, gravity
74
What are types of pinned connections?
Bolts, screws, nails, rivets
75
What are types of rigid connections?
embedded rebar, beaded welds, and adhesives
76
What is a masonry wall pocket for a beam to sit in?
Let
77
What is a series of post columns and beams used to hold up a building?
Skeletal frame or post and beam
78
Building with internal load-bearing wall columns and an attached post and beam frame
Center-core
79
Building with the beams resting solely on the exterior walls are called
Wall-bearing
80
What building type has exterior walls that do not bear any weight but their own?
Center-core
81
Define Lamella arch or Summerbell roof
An arched roof that uses a weave of octagon, triangle, or diamond-petterned roof beams to form the arch
82
What are the four construction influences that help the fire officer classify the building?
Type, era, use , size
83
What are the 5 building types listed in NFPA 220
``` Type 1/fire resistive. Type 2/noncombustible Type 3/ordinary Type 4/Heavy timber Type 5/wood frame ```
84
Type 2 buildings are more often than not made of what
Steel
85
What do firefighters call ordinary/type 3 construction?
Taxpayers
86
What do firefighters call type 4 heavy timber construction?
Mill construction
87
What does the fire cut do in heavy timber construction?
Release the floor from load bearing walls
88
In what construction does a wall become an unstable cantilevered beam after the floor and roof fall away?
Type 4 heavy timber
89
ICF stands for in building construction?
Insulated concrete forming
90
Which ICF is of most concern to firefighters?
Grid block ICF
91
The four building eras
Founder era - 1700s to WW1 Industrial era - WW1-WW2 Legacy era - WW2 to roughly 1980s Lightweight era - 1980s to present
92
What is an example of Industrial era framing?
Balloon framing
93
What is an example of Legacy era framing?
Platform framing
94
What era did drywall replace lath and plaster and plywood replace wood slats on roofs?
Legacy Era
95
What era saw a gradual transformation away form conventional construction and trusses used more frequently
Legacy era
96
What changed in 1980s with building codes?
Prescriptive codes transformed into performance codes
97
What are the elements of building size?
Footprint - single floor square footage Interior arrangement - volume of space for any one room number of floors distance that must be traveled to reach a fire or victims
98
What is the building classification approach that an ISO should use?
type/era/use/size
99
5 step process to predict collapse
Classify, determine structural involvement, visualize and trace loads, evaluated time, predict and communicate collapse potential
100
What color smoke is released when untreated wood is rapidly heated
brownish smoke, a collapse warning sign in lightweight wood construction
101
What are the 9 historical weak links in building construction?
Connections, overloading, occupancy conversions, trusses, void spaces, stairs, large open interior spaces, parapet walls, facades
102
According to Niosh alert when should firefighters be evacuated from above or below truss systems?
As soon as the truss is exposed to fire, not according to a time limit
103
What are the three communications that an ISO can use to communicate collapse potential
Emergency abandonment, Precautionary withdrawal, Planning awareness

Sedgwick County Capt (40 decks)

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