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Biology Of Cancer > Chapter 6: Radiation & Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Radiation & Cancer Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Non-Ionizing Radiation

A

Heat, Sound, Radio, Visible

Generally SAFE

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2
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

Cause DNA damage by ionizing atoms (X-Ray, Nuclear Radiation)

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3
Q

Is Ultraviolet light Ionizing radiation?

A

NO! It can BOTH heat and cause DNA damage by altering chemical bonds (cross linking DNA bases)

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4
Q

What are the 3 forms of skin cancer?

A

Basal Cell
Squamous
Melanoma

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5
Q

Which form of skin cancer rarely metastasizes?

A

Basal cell

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6
Q

Which form of skin cancer metastasizes in 1/20 patients and is linked to sunlight exposure?

A

Squamous

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7
Q

Which form of skin cancer has usually metastasized by the time of diagnosis?

A

Melanoma

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8
Q

Which form of skin cancer appears most often on the legs and back, non-exposed areas?

A

Melanoma

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9
Q

Why can melanomas appear in non-exposed areas?

A

Early childhood with severe sunburns, severe sunburns as an adult

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10
Q

Which class of UV is associated with Skin Cancer? Why?

A

UVB

Breaks covalent bonds in DNA

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11
Q

What compound has increased our exposure to UVB? Why?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

Were used as refrigerants, but are now banned due to destruction of Ozone layer

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12
Q

How does UVB cause DNA mutations?

A

Creating pyrimidine dimers in DNA

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13
Q

What is the UVB signature in DNA? What gene is this signature in?

A

C-T substitutions at dipyrimidine sites

P-53 gene

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14
Q

UVB

A

P-53 mutations
Apoptosis
Tumor promotion

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15
Q

Is sunburn a protective mechanism against skin cancer?

A

YES! It is an attempt to destroy cells damaged by UV radiation

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16
Q

Is UVA considered an initiator or promoter?

A

Promoter as it stimulates division

17
Q

Tanning Devices

A

Claim to be safer than sunlight because they use UVA to stimulate melanin production
People who use them have higher rates of skin cancer, than those who do not

18
Q

X-Rays

A

Very penetrating through the body

Decrease in lifespan due to death from cancers - especially Leukemias

19
Q

Nuclear radiation

A

Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma particles

20
Q

Which form of nuclear radiation has the most energy and penetration?

A

Gamma Particles

21
Q

Which form of nuclear radiation is the most damaging but least penetrating?

A

Alpha Particles

22
Q

Radon Gas

A

Alpha emitter

Little penetration

23
Q

Where does radon gas come from?

A

Radium and uranium

24
Q

What radioactive element does radon decay to?

A

Polonium

25
Q

Whee does radon gas in tobacco smoke come from?

A

Tobacco fertilizers continuing phosphate from crushed rocks w/ trapped radon gas

26
Q

Why is Leukemia rate highest post atomic bomb?

A

Not as common as other cancers & latent period is generally shorter than other cancers, so they are first to be seen

27
Q

Natural promoter event

A

Lymphocytes are stimulated to divide due to allergies and infection

28
Q

What nuclear event caused the largest numbers of cancers of the thyroid ever caused by one single event?

A

Chernobyl 400X the radiation from bombing Japan

29
Q

How does ionizing radiation cause cancer?

A

Initiating carcinogenesis by causing DNA damage

30
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species

Hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide

A

Produced in biological systems and can be damaging and mutational

31
Q

Enzyme systems

A

Neutralize free radicals and consume and synthesize molecules to scavenge them
Prevents many diseases (cancer, heart disease)

32
Q

BERT

A

Background Equivalent Radiation Time

33
Q

How many days of BERTS add up to one Chest X-Ray?

A

10 days

34
Q

How many years of BERTS does the average smoked get from smoking one year?

A

10 years

35
Q

What radioactive element is present in cigarette smoke following the decay of radon gas?

A

Polonium

36
Q

Radiation

A

Energetic particles or waves

90% of exposure is natural and we have evolved repair mechanism

Biology Of Cancer (9 decks)

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