Chapter 5: Chemicals & Cancer

Question 1

Promotion

Answer 1

Usually mitogens
Reversible
Altered gene expression producing clinal expansion of initiated cell

Question 2

Carcinogen

Answer 2

Chemical capable of causing cancer

Question 3

Carcinogenic agent

Answer 3

Can cause transformation

Question 4

Precarcinogen

Answer 4

Can’t react with DNA until oxidized by monooxygenases

Question 5

Monooxygenases

Answer 5

Enzymes in high concentrations in liver cells

Oxidize precarcinogens

Question 6

Mutagens

Answer 6

React with DNA indirectly/directly after metabolic activation to cause mutation
Mostly carcinogens

Question 7

Missense Mutation

Answer 7

Base substitution or point mutation

Question 8

Nonsense mutation

Answer 8

Deletion or insertion

Question 9

Promoter

Answer 9

Speeds up cell division

Cause proliferation of mutated cancer cell

Question 10

Complete Carcinogen (2 in 1)

Answer 10

Both initiator and promoter

Don’t need metabolic activation

Question 11

Percival Potts

Answer 11

Scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps

Question 12

Yamagiwa and Itchikawa

Answer 12

Skin cancer in rabbits/move through coal tar application

Question 13

Kennedy and Hieger

Answer 13

1,2,3,4 DBA is very weakly carcinogenic

Question 14

Cook, Hewett, and Hieger

Answer 14

Found PAH in “air”

Question 15

Berenblum and Rous

Answer 15

3,4 BP must be followed by a promoter

Question 16

Liver Cancer & Aflatoxin

Answer 16

GT mutation at codon 249 caused by aflatoxin

Question 17

Aniline

Answer 17

Not a Carcinogen

Can form carcinogenic amines

Question 18

Beta Napthylamine

Answer 18

Metabolic activation required

Question 19

What cancers developed from the use of diethylstilbesterol?

Answer 19

Vaginal Cancer

Question 20

Cancer Chemotherapy

Answer 20

Cause leukemia and bladder cancers

Question 21

Immunosuppressive drugs

Answer 21

Lead to increased cancers EXCEPT Rapamycin

Question 22

PAHs

Answer 22

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons formed in incomplete combustions of organic material

Question 23

N-nitroso cpds

Answer 23

Nitroso-Nicornitine found in cig smoke and is most carcinogenic substance

Question 24

Alkylating Agents

Answer 24

Attach to a carbon containing chemical group to DNA

Question 25

Where does Aflatoxin come from?

Answer 25

Moldy Peanuts

Question 26

What plant produces Safrole?

Answer 26

Sassafras Root Bark

Question 27

Bruised celery produces what natural carcinogen product?

Answer 27

Pyrrolidizine alkaloid

Question 28

Cytochrome P450

Answer 28

Hydroxylation of Hydrocarbons

Question 29

Cytochrome P451 1A1

Answer 29

Increases risk of lung cancer in smokers if present

Question 30

Carcinogenic Electrophiles

Answer 30

Bond directly to DNA and form adducts

Question 31

TPA or PMA

Answer 31

Plays a big role in promotion | Highly inflammatory

Question 32

Why does protein kinase cause cell proliferation?

Answer 32

It Phosphorylates other key enzymes and transcription factors in signaling pathways

Question 33

Epigenetic Changes

Answer 33

Can be passed onto cell progeny

Question 34

Initiation

Answer 34

Causes a mutation in DNA | Irreversible once cell divides