Chapter 6 Pt.2 - Organelles And Cell Theory Flashcards
Three rules of cell theory
- all living things are made of cells
- All existing cells are produced by other living cells
- Cells are the basic unit of life
When did The history of cell theory start?
1600s
Who are the two central figure in the cell theory?How did they contribute?
Hooke - Named cell from Cork
Leeuwenhoek - Observed with his microscope under living microbe cells in rainwater blood plague etc.
All living things may be made out of cells, but they can be either ____ or _____
Unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular definition
Composed of one cell
Multicellular definition
Composed of many cells that may organized into tissues, organs, organ systems
There are two main types of cells: ______ and _______ ( not multi or uni )
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Does a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell having membrane-bound organelle or a nucleus?
Prokaryotic - Do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic - Has both a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells reproduce or divide?
Prokaryotic - Reproduces or divides through binary fission
Eukaryotic - Reproduces or divides through mitosis
Are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells unicellular or multicellular?
Prokaryotic - Uni cellular
Eukaryotic - UNI or multicellular
Do prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells have cell walls?
Prokaryotic - Has cell walls made of peptidoglycan
Eukaryotic - Only fungi or plants made of chitin or cellulose have cell walls
What are some example of Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic - Just bacteria
Eukaryotic - Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists
Although there are Two types, what are some things that all cells have?
A cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material ( DNA and RNA )
Definition of organelles
Specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function
Organelles work together for one main purpose:
To make proteins
Nucleus definition
Control center for all activity in the cell
Nucleoli definition
Synthesis for RNA (For protein making)
Nuclear envelope definition
Double layered semi permeable membrane, controls the ins and outs of molecules to the nucleus
Chromosomes definition
Contain DNA for heredity
Cytosol definition
Semifluid material (Cytoplasm includes all organelles cytosol )
Mitochondria definition
ATP synthesis for respiration, Powerhouse for energy
Cell membrane definition
Double layered semi permeable; Controls the ins And outs of molecules to the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum definition
Network system of tubes connecting organelles
What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
Smooth does not have ribosomes, rough does
Ribosomes definition
Small bodies in which proteins are made
Golgi apparatus definition
Flat socks the package and secrete molecules for export
Vacuoles Definition
Vesicles for storage of salt, enzymes, food pigments, H2O
Larger in plants
Contractile vacuole pumps water out only for protists
Cytoskeleton definition
Protein network for shape, movement , made of microtubules
What are some extensions of the cytoskeleton? Where is this found?
Only in protists/ bacteria:
Flagella is whiplike, Cillia is shorthairs
Cell wall definition
Plants only
Nonliving, rigid, give support
Chloroplast definition
Plants only
Green plastids for photosynthesis
Lysosomes definition
Animals only
Have enzymes, Digest waste and bacteria
Centrioles definition
Animals only
Tube like, for cell reproduction in mitosis
Structure of cell membrane
Surrounds the outside of all cells, made of two layers known as the phospholipid bilayer
Job of cell membrane
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Phospholipid bilayer
Made of two layers of fats
FATS definition
Phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails and are protein in bedded
Why is the phospholipid bilayer called fluid Mosaic model
Because it is composed of many parts to move around freely
What is the cytoskeleton? What are cute if it’s functions?
The cytoskeleton is a network of thread like fibers made of proteins. It gives the cell shape and can also move organelles around. They provide structural support for animal cells who don’t have a cell wall.
Cytosol structure and job
Cytosol Is just the fluid. It’s structure consists of a jelly like substance mostly made of water. It’s job is to hold everything in place and provides a solution for chemical reactions to take place.
DNA spread out versus condensed
When DNA is spread out it is called chromomatin. When DNA is condensed it forms chromosomes
Nucleus structure and job
The nucleus is surrounded by nuclear envelope and membrane with nuclear pores control what goes in and out. It’s job is to protect that controls the activities.
Nucleolus job
The nucleolus is inside of the nucleus. It’s job is to make rRNA which make up ribosomes.
Ribosomes job.
Ribosomes are made of protein and rRNA, located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm. It’s job is to make proteins.
ROUGH ER (Job)
The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the surface and hugs the nucleus. It’s job is to make proteins.
Smooth ER (jobs)
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has NO ribosomes on it’s surface and is attached to the rough ER.
It’s jobs to make lipids (membrane), destroy toxins (liver), and regulate calcium (muscles)
Two parts of the Mitochondria
inner membrane and matrix (fluid part)
What process takes place in the Mitochondria?
Cellular respiration happens =
C6H12O6 + 6CO2 => 6COs + 6H20 + energy (ATP)
It breaks down energy as ATP
Golgi apparatus job
IT’s a folded membrane that’s job is to get vesicles of protein from the ER.
Vesicles job
“mini-carts” that transport proteins around the cell. It processes sorts, and ships proteins where needed.
Vacuoles job
They’re small and numerous in animal cells, and is 1 large central one in plant cells. It’s jOB is storage (water, nutrients, waste, etc.)
Lysosomes job
ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
Contain enzymes, their job its to break down dead stuff (food, bacteria, old parts of cell, etc.) can do programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Centrioles/centrosomes job
ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
made of microtubules, job is to appear during cell division and helps cell divide and helps cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart
Cillia vs flagella structure
Cillia = shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars
flagella = longer, fewer (1-3)
cilia vs flagella job
cilia = move across cell surface
flagella = move entire cell
chloroplast 2 parts
grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid)
chloroplast job
where photosynthesis happens:
6CO2 + 6H20 => C6H12O6 + 6O2
converts energy into sugar
cell wall structure + job
PLANT CELLS AND BACTERIA ONLY
made of cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), and peptidoglycan (bacteria).
job is to protect and maintain shape
