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Biology .1 > chapter 15 - GENETIC ENGINEERING > Flashcards

chapter 15 - GENETIC ENGINEERING Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetic engineering is the process of _______

A

__ replacing specific genes in an organism so that the organism expresses a desired trait

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2
Q

Process of genetic engineering:

A

taking genes from one organism and placing them into another

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3
Q

genetic engineering can only occur when _____

A

when we know where genes occur on the specific chromosomes

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4
Q

we know where genes by looking at ______

A

gene maps and genomes

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5
Q

what do gene maps do?

A

show the location of genes on a chromosome

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6
Q

what are genomes?

A

all the genetic material in an organism

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7
Q

when did the human genome project begin?

A

1990

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8
Q

what did the human genome project do?

A

mapped the DNA sequence of human genes

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9
Q

how many nucleotides were sequenced?

A

3.3 billion

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10
Q

when was the human genome project completed?

A

2003

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11
Q

what are the 5 types of genetic engineering?

A

cloning, gene therapy, stem cell research, selective breeding, and hybridization

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12
Q

what is a clone?

A

an identical copy of a gene or entire organism

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13
Q

how do clones occur?

A

by nuclear transfer either naturally or may be engineered

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14
Q

how are organisms cloned?

A

by introducing a nucleus from a boy from a body cell into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus of the donor

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15
Q

what is an example fo a cloned organism?

A

polly the sheep in 1996

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16
Q

benefits of genetic engineering

A

organ transplants, saving endangered species

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17
Q

drawback of cloning

A

genetic disorders + health problems

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18
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

the process of inserting a normal gene into an absent or abnormal gene

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19
Q

benefits of gene therapy

A

The inserted gene makes the correct protein, eliminating the cause of the disorder

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20
Q

drawbacks of gene therapy

A

It has had limited success because the hot often rejects injected DNA

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21
Q

what does gene therapy work best for?

A

works best for diseases with loss of a single protein, such as cystic fibrosis

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22
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become anything

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23
Q

benefits of stem cells

A

can replace tissue that is deficient due to disease or damage

24
Q

drawbacks of stem cells

A

mostly found is embryos which can cause tumors, and bone marrow in adults

25
Q

what are the hopes for future stem cells?

A

new induced stem cells hope to eliminate unethical use of embryos

26
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

artificially breeding organisms with a desired trait

27
Q

irl, what do we see that at a massive level that is the result of selective breeding?

A

almost all domesticated animals and crops

28
Q

what is inbreeding?

A

crossing individuals that are closely related

29
Q

benefits of inbreeding?

A

offspring tend to be stronger than either parent

30
Q

what are the drawbacks of inbreeding?

A

offspring can have genetic complications if parents are too similar in variation

31
Q

what is hybridization?

A

breeding organisms that show 2 traits in order to produce offspring that express both traits

32
Q

where does hybridization occur?

A

in 2 species

33
Q

benefits of hybridization?

A

offspring are often stronger and more fit than either of the parents

34
Q

drawbacks of hybridization?

A

expensive and unnatural;

35
Q

what is electrophoresis

A

a laboratory method that allows scientists to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins on a molecular size

36
Q

how can electrophoresis be used at a crime scene?

A

you can take DNA from a crime scene and compose it to DNA of different suspects

37
Q

what are SNPS

A

single nucleotide polymorphism - genetic variations where alleles vary in only a few nucleotides, doesn’t change phenotype

38
Q

SNPs makes each _______

A

person unique

39
Q

No 2 people (except identical twins) have _______

A

the same base sequences

40
Q

what happens at the restriction site?

A

nucleotide sequences are recognized by the restriction enzymes

41
Q

No 2 people will _____-

A

have the same lengths of fragments after they have been cut out

42
Q

RFLP meaning?

A

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

43
Q

in DNA sequence reading and duplicating process, what does electrophoresis do?

A

separates the fragments with electric currents and smallest fragments travel farthest, making a unique fingerprint

44
Q

stage 1 of DNA testing

A

cells are broken down to release DNA

If only a small amount of DNA is available, it can be amplified using the PCR

45
Q

what is PCR?

A

polymerase chain reaction, allows DNA sequencing/copying of fragments

46
Q

what allows PCR to be fast?

A

it uses an enzyme (T. aq polymerase) which runs at high temps

47
Q

stage 2 of DNA testing

A

The DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence

48
Q

stage 3 of DNA testing

A

fragments are separated on the basis of size using a process called gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments are injected into wells and current electric is applied along the gel

DNA is negatively charged that is attracted to the positive end of the gel. The shorter DNA fragments move faster than the longer fragments

DNA is separated on the basis of size

49
Q

examples of biological materials used for DNA testing

A

blood, body tissue cells, hair, salvia, vagina cells, semen or used condom

50
Q

what are some societal impacts of genetic engineering?

A

I. the development of plants that make natural insecticides, higher in protein, and spoil more slowly

II. development of animals that are bigger, faster growing, resistant to disease

III. The development of bacteria that produce human insulin, HGH, golden rice to feed the world, and vaccines

IV. In humans, copies of normal genes transplanted into cells of people suffering from genetic diseases

51
Q

What kind of mutation is sickle cell anemia?

A

point mutation

52
Q

how does the mutation in sickle cell anemia affect amino acids?

A

mutation results in a substitution, in which normally a person would have valine, but the codon is instead replaced with glutamic acid

53
Q

what kind of disease is sickle cell anemia?

A

autosomal recessive and incomplete dominant

54
Q

what genotype is preferred in malaria affected places, what about non malaria?

A

In Malaria affected places in the world, it’s preferable to have the genotype Hbs/ HbA.
In non-Malaria affected places in the world, it’s preferable to have the genotype HbA/ HbA.

55
Q

process explained

A

EcoRI is a common type of restriction enzyme, which scans the DNA for a specific part, and cuts it. Hydrogen bonds make them come back together again
Used to cut DNA
Gel electrophoresis is where there’s gel, a positive charge on one end, and negative on the other side, and DNA is pulled in the positive direction as it is negative, in order to measure the length of a DNA fragment.
PCR is used to make copies of it, in which a primer, a small section of DNA, and nucleotides and polymerase, heats and cools, while it heats, it breaks the hydrogen bonds, unzipping DNA. The primer bonds to it, and the polymerase then grabs on to it. Polymerase adds complementary letters, copying the DNA

Biology .1 (10 decks)

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