chapter 15 - GENETIC ENGINEERING

Question 1

Genetic engineering is the process of _______

Answer 1

__ replacing specific genes in an organism so that the organism expresses a desired trait

Question 2

Process of genetic engineering:

Answer 2

taking genes from one organism and placing them into another

Question 3

genetic engineering can only occur when _____

Answer 3

when we know where genes occur on the specific chromosomes

Question 4

we know where genes by looking at ______

Answer 4

gene maps and genomes

Question 5

what do gene maps do?

Answer 5

show the location of genes on a chromosome

Question 6

what are genomes?

Answer 6

all the genetic material in an organism

Question 7

when did the human genome project begin?

Answer 7

1990

Question 8

what did the human genome project do?

Answer 8

mapped the DNA sequence of human genes

Question 9

how many nucleotides were sequenced?

Answer 9

3.3 billion

Question 10

when was the human genome project completed?

Answer 10

2003

Question 11

what are the 5 types of genetic engineering?

Answer 11

cloning, gene therapy, stem cell research, selective breeding, and hybridization

Question 12

what is a clone?

Answer 12

an identical copy of a gene or entire organism

Question 13

how do clones occur?

Answer 13

by nuclear transfer either naturally or may be engineered

Question 14

how are organisms cloned?

Answer 14

by introducing a nucleus from a boy from a body cell into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus of the donor

Question 15

what is an example fo a cloned organism?

Answer 15

polly the sheep in 1996

Question 16

benefits of genetic engineering

Answer 16

organ transplants, saving endangered species

Question 17

drawback of cloning

Answer 17

genetic disorders + health problems

Question 18

what is gene therapy?

Answer 18

the process of inserting a normal gene into an absent or abnormal gene

Question 19

benefits of gene therapy

Answer 19

The inserted gene makes the correct protein, eliminating the cause of the disorder

Question 20

drawbacks of gene therapy

Answer 20

It has had limited success because the hot often rejects injected DNA

Question 21

what does gene therapy work best for?

Answer 21

works best for diseases with loss of a single protein, such as cystic fibrosis

Question 22

what are stem cells?

Answer 22

undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become anything

Question 23

benefits of stem cells

Answer 23

can replace tissue that is deficient due to disease or damage

Question 24

drawbacks of stem cells

Answer 24

mostly found is embryos which can cause tumors, and bone marrow in adults

Question 25

what are the hopes for future stem cells?

Answer 25

new induced stem cells hope to eliminate unethical use of embryos

Question 26

what is selective breeding?

Answer 26

artificially breeding organisms with a desired trait

Question 27

irl, what do we see that at a massive level that is the result of selective breeding?

Answer 27

almost all domesticated animals and crops

Question 28

what is inbreeding?

Answer 28

crossing individuals that are closely related

Question 29

benefits of inbreeding?

Answer 29

offspring tend to be stronger than either parent

Question 30

what are the drawbacks of inbreeding?

Answer 30

offspring can have genetic complications if parents are too similar in variation

Question 31

what is hybridization?

Answer 31

breeding organisms that show 2 traits in order to produce offspring that express both traits

Question 32

where does hybridization occur?

Answer 32

in 2 species

Question 33

benefits of hybridization?

Answer 33

offspring are often stronger and more fit than either of the parents

Question 34

drawbacks of hybridization?

Answer 34

expensive and unnatural;

Question 35

what is electrophoresis

Answer 35

a laboratory method that allows scientists to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins on a molecular size

Question 36

how can electrophoresis be used at a crime scene?

Answer 36

you can take DNA from a crime scene and compose it to DNA of different suspects

Question 37

what are SNPS

Answer 37

single nucleotide polymorphism - genetic variations where alleles vary in only a few nucleotides, doesn't change phenotype

Question 38

SNPs makes each _______

Answer 38

person unique

Question 39

No 2 people (except identical twins) have _______

Answer 39

the same base sequences

Question 40

what happens at the restriction site?

Answer 40

nucleotide sequences are recognized by the restriction enzymes

Question 41

No 2 people will _____-

Answer 41

have the same lengths of fragments after they have been cut out

Question 42

RFLP meaning?

Answer 42

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

Question 43

in DNA sequence reading and duplicating process, what does electrophoresis do?

Answer 43

separates the fragments with electric currents and smallest fragments travel farthest, making a unique fingerprint

Question 44

stage 1 of DNA testing

Answer 44

cells are broken down to release DNA If only a small amount of DNA is available, it can be amplified using the PCR

Question 45

what is PCR?

Answer 45

polymerase chain reaction, allows DNA sequencing/copying of fragments

Question 46

what allows PCR to be fast?

Answer 46

it uses an enzyme (T. aq polymerase) which runs at high temps

Question 47

stage 2 of DNA testing

Answer 47

The DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence

Question 48

stage 3 of DNA testing

Answer 48

fragments are separated on the basis of size using a process called gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments are injected into wells and current electric is applied along the gel DNA is negatively charged that is attracted to the positive end of the gel. The shorter DNA fragments move faster than the longer fragments DNA is separated on the basis of size

Question 49

examples of biological materials used for DNA testing

Answer 49

blood, body tissue cells, hair, salvia, vagina cells, semen or used condom

Question 50

what are some societal impacts of genetic engineering?

Answer 50

I. the development of plants that make natural insecticides, higher in protein, and spoil more slowly II. development of animals that are bigger, faster growing, resistant to disease III. The development of bacteria that produce human insulin, HGH, golden rice to feed the world, and vaccines IV. In humans, copies of normal genes transplanted into cells of people suffering from genetic diseases

Question 51

What kind of mutation is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 51

point mutation

Question 52

how does the mutation in sickle cell anemia affect amino acids?

Answer 52

mutation results in a substitution, in which normally a person would have valine, but the codon is instead replaced with glutamic acid

Question 53

what kind of disease is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 53

autosomal recessive and incomplete dominant

Question 54

what genotype is preferred in malaria affected places, what about non malaria?

Answer 54

In Malaria affected places in the world, it’s preferable to have the genotype Hbs/ HbA. In non-Malaria affected places in the world, it’s preferable to have the genotype HbA/ HbA.

Question 55

process explained

Answer 55

EcoRI is a common type of restriction enzyme, which scans the DNA for a specific part, and cuts it. Hydrogen bonds make them come back together again Used to cut DNA Gel electrophoresis is where there's gel, a positive charge on one end, and negative on the other side, and DNA is pulled in the positive direction as it is negative, in order to measure the length of a DNA fragment. PCR is used to make copies of it, in which a primer, a small section of DNA, and nucleotides and polymerase, heats and cools, while it heats, it breaks the hydrogen bonds, unzipping DNA. The primer bonds to it, and the polymerase then grabs on to it. Polymerase adds complementary letters, copying the DNA