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Biology .1 > |Chapter 6 - Cell Transport| > Flashcards

|Chapter 6 - Cell Transport| Flashcards

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1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the need of an organism to keep and regulate a constant internal temperature-

temperature, pH, and concentration of other materials have to be maintained within a pretty narrow margin

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2
Q

much of homeostasis is determined by ______

A

the CELL MEMBRANE controlling movement of things in and out of the cell

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3
Q

list 3 parts of the cell membrane

A

hydrophilic region - water loving

hydrophobic region - water fearing

transport protein

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4
Q

what is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE?

A

certain substances pass through freely, while others must move through a “gate”

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5
Q

what can transport of materials be classified as?

A

either PASSIVE TRANSPORT or ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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6
Q

what is the cell membrane made of?

how is it arranged?

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS aka the phosphate “head” + 2 fatty acid chain “tails”`

it’s arranged in a BILAYER …… POLAR heads (phosphate “head”) = HYDROPHILLIC ….. NONPOLAR tails ( 2 fatty acid chain “tails” ) = HYDROPHOBIC

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7
Q

what materials can and can’t pass easily in SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY?

A

can pass easily = small - nonpolar - hydrophobic - neutral molecules …. water ( h20 is polar but really tiny(

cannot pass easily = polar molecules (must go through proteins) …. large molecules (must use vesicles)

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8
Q

passive transport

A
  • no extra energy needed BECAUSE molecules move from high concentration (squished together) to low concentration ( spread out) areas DOWN the concentration gradient
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9
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

NEED extra energy (ATP) to bring materials into the cell or expel materials out of the cell moving from low concentration to high concentration AGAINST the concentration gradient

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10
Q

CONCENTRATION?

A

Number of molecules of a substance in a given volume

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11
Q

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

A

Difference in concentration of a substance from one location to another

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12
Q

examples of passive transport

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
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13
Q

examples of ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • molecular pumps
  • exocytosis
  • endocytosis
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14
Q

DIFFUSION? ( active or passive? … def .. what happens? .. examples? )

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

The spreading out of molecules across a membrane until they’re equally concentrated on both sides of the membrane.

molecules move down a concentration gradient, from high area to low area

example - OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE

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15
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION ( active or passive? … def .. what happens? .. examples? )

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

a TRANSPORT PROTEIN acts as a protein channel to help ( facilitate) the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the cell membrane ( LARGE MOLECULES AND POLAR MOLECULES)

molecules move down a CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, from high to low- SO NO ATP NEEDED

example: glucose/sugar,,,, sodium/salt

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16
Q

OSMOSIS ( active or passive? … def .. what happens? .. examples? )

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

the diffusion of WATER across the cell membrane

WATER MOLECULES MOVE down a CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, from high to low

17
Q

OSMOSIS?

LOW OSMOTIC PRESSURE?

A

osmosis = diffusion of water from high to low

low osmotic pressure = low solute = high water = HYPOTONIC

18
Q

HIGH osmotic pressure?

A

= high solute = low water = hypertonic

19
Q

SOLUTE? SOLVENT? SOLUTION? CONCENTRATION?

A

solute + solvent = solution …. concentration = solute/solvent

example: osmosis:

1 solution on either side of semi-permeable membrane…. SOLUTION A - CONCENTRATED SUGAR SOLUTION -> SOLUTION B - DILUTE SIGAR SOLUTION …. both contain a mix of sugar and water (equal water, more sugar in A ) molecules ….. -»» osmosis -»> more water is drawn into the concretated solution (more water + sugar in A)

20
Q

ISOTONIC

A

equal amount of solute on both sides of membrane (cell stays the same - animal, flaccid - plant)

21
Q

HYPOTONIC

A

has too much water; can lyse (swells - animal, normal - plant)

22
Q

HYPERTONIC

A

has too little water; can shrivel ( crenate - animal, plasmolyzed - plant)

23
Q

if a cell is 20% NaCl and 80% H20 within a 10% NaCl and 90% H20 environment, the cell is in a _____ solution and will ____

A

HYPOTONIC, SWELL

24
Q

if a cell is 5% NaCl and 95% H20 within a 15% NaCl and 85% H20 environment, the cell in a _____ solution and will _____

A

HYPERTONIC, SHRIVEL

25
Q

If a cell is 10% NaCl and 90% H20 within a 10% NaCl and 90% H20 environment, the cell is in a ______ solution and will ______

A

ISOTONIC, STAY THE SAME

26
Q

How are gases exchanged in single celled organisms?

A

Gases exchanged by diffusion in 1-cell organisms diffuse directly into the water.

27
Q

How are gases exchanged in multi-celled organisms?

A

Multi-celled organisms require special structures with large surface area.

Example -> gills in fish, lungs in animals, spiracles in insects, stomates in plants

28
Q

How does air travel in humans?

A

air travels from GAS EXCHANGE

nose -> pharynx -> tracheae -> bronchi -> alveoli (60m^2) -> lungs

29
Q

how is waste excreted by single-celled organisms?

A

waste excretion also needs special structures ,,,

contractile vacuoles in 1 cell organisms

30
Q

how is waste excreted in animals?

A

kidneys,,

animal cells are bathed in blood- kidneys keep the blood isotonic by removing excess salt and water

31
Q

how is waste excreted in humans?

A

blood plasma filtered by NEPHRONS in kidneys, (after reabsorption of Na, K, and water) -> ureter -> urinary bladder -) urethra and out of body

32
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

A

some molecules have to be pushed “uphill”, against a concentration gradient - needs ATP

substances are moving from LOW TO HIGH concentration

or substances are TOO BIG to move through a protein channel; and have to be enveloped by the cell or excreted by the cell by endocytosis or exocytosis.

33
Q

ENDOCYTOSIS? ( active or passive? … def .. what happens? .. examples? )

A

ACTIVE

a cell USES ENERGY to IMPORT large amounts of molecules INTO the cell using a vesicle

example - white blood cells engulf bacteria to fight infection

34
Q

ENDOCYTOSIS (2 types)( active or passive? … def .. what happens? .. examples? )

A

ACTIVE

PHAGOCYTOSIS - cell “eating”… cell engulfs SOLIDS into vesicle and “digests” them

PINOCYTOSIS - cell “drinking” … cell engulfs LIQUIDS into vesicle and “digests” them

35
Q

EXOCYTOSIS

A

ACTIVE

A cell USES ENERGY to EXPORT large amounts of materials OUT OF the cell using a VESICLE

Example - Nerve cells release neurotransmitters to pass signals to the brain

36
Q

MOLECULAR PUMPS

A

ACTIVE

When a cell USES ENERGY to pump molecules across the membrane through a PROTEIN CHANNEL

This allows a cell to concentrate key molecules within the cell or remove waste quickly from the cell.

Example - Calcium (Ca^2+), potassium (k+), chlorine (Cl-), and sodium (Na+) = ions (charged particles)

Biology .1 (10 decks)

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