Chapter 2 - Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions Flashcards
Chemical reactants
The breaking and creating a bond between different substances
requires energy
Activation energy
The amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start
Reactants ( substrate )
Substances that are changed during a reaction
Product
Substances that are made by a chemical reaction
How does a graph between the relationship of the reactants and products look like?
| |. - |. - - | —. —- — |. ——. - |. - |. ——- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ X=energy, y= rxn progress ⬆️reactants. ⬇️products
What are the two different types of reactants
Overall reactions absorb or release energy
Endothermic
absorbs energy to build
Anabolic
Example photosynthesis
More energy in products than reactants
exothermic
Releases energy; breaks down
Catabolic
Example; cellular respiration – digestion
Less energy in products than reactants
What does Digestion do
Digestion uses water and enzyme (amylase) to break down starch into disaccharide(maltose) then to monosaccharide( glucose )to cells via the bloodstream in humans
What building blocks do proteins and fats get broken into to?
Proteins and fats get broken down to their building blocks via pepsin and lipase respectively
How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine
Nutrients are absorbed by the villi of the small intestine
What happens to unused materials that are undigested
Unused materials that are undigested are excreted in feces
What is the purpose of the epiglottis
The epiglottis protects the trachea and allows food pass to the esophagus
What is the purpose of the peristalsis
Peristalsis causes food to move through the gastrointestinal tract
What is the order in which food is digested
Oral cavity to epiglottis to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus
What is the purpose of the pancreas
Pancreas secretes juices that raise the pH of the small intestine
Where are carbohydrates and other foods digested? Where does Protein digestion begin?
Carbohydrates in other foods are completely digested in the small intestine but protein digestion begins in the stomach
What happens once protein is digested?
Once digested their absorbed through the villi to produce ATP for Cell use
What is the purpose of the large intestine
The large intestine removed water from food and absorbs it back into the body
What are two key bio chemical reactions
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
6CO2+6H20 ➡️. C6H12O6+6O2
Energy is stored as sugar therefore it is an endothermic reaction
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6 ➡️ 6CO2+6H2O+38ATP
Energy is released as ATP
When sugar is broken down therefore it is an Exothermic reaction
Enzymes
Enzymes are a type of proteins that speed up bio chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
They’re specialized molecules that bind two reactants AKA the substrate and break or form bonds, Release a newly created product
What is another name for enzyme
Because they speed up reactions they are called catalysts
Can enzymes be changed or used
Enzymes are not changed in a reaction and can be used over and over again
What do enzymes names typically END in
ASE
Specificity of enzymes
Enzymes are very specific
They are and have an active site that fits only one substrate or reactant
This is known as the look and key model
How many products does An enzyme make when it breaks or makes bonds
Enzymes can break bonds in substrates to form two products
Enzymes can make bonds between substrates to form one product
DENATURATION
Enzymes active site gets deformed and loses its specific shape ➡️ Causes a loss of biological activity
Caused by ; Extreme changes in pH ,temperature ,ion strength, and solubility
Enzymes can be re-natured to their original shape but not always
What are two ways to change the rate of a chemical reaction
Number 1. Ph and number 2. temperature
How does temperature change the rate of a chemical reaction
Increasing temperature increases the rate of the reaction
Molecules are moving FASTER due to an increase in the kinetic energy so they collide more with each other
PH definition
How acidic a solution is
How does the PH change the rate of a chemical reaction
Most enzymes only work at a very specific PH so if the pH changes it can affect the speed of reaction
How is fat broken down by an enzyme
fat -> lipase -> glycerol + fatty acids
Protein -> protease -> amino acids
Starch -> amylase -> sugars
What does your body need to run cells?
Your body needs energy to run your cells
Can your body use food directly for energy?
No, your body cannot directly use your food for energy.
Where is the energy you can use in the food you eat?
The energy you can use in the food you eat is stored in its chemical bonds.
How do you release the energy in your foods chemical bonds so your body can use them?
To release the energy for your body to use, those bonds have to be broken.
What happens once energy is released from the chemical bonds in the food you have eaten?
Once energy is released, ATP carries it to be used for cell functions
What is ATP?
Caries/stores energy for cell functions
The ONLY molecules that directly powers your body!!!
Structure of ATP
A nitrogen base - adenine, A sugar ring - ribose, Three phosphate groups held together with high energy bonds
|
/\ /\
|. |._/. \_\_|\_\_\_|\_\_\_|\_\_
\/. \. |. |. |. |
Adenine/ \. Phosphates
\_/
| |
Ribose
ATP-ADP cycle
A lot of energy is stored in the bonds between the last two phosphates
Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed
ADP is changed back into ATP when a phosphate group is added
ADP is recycled
[ATP image]. .
What kind of process is the ATP-ADP cycle?
CHEMIOSMOTIC process
CHEMIOSMOSIS
Movement of ions down a concentration gradient
What is the enzyme ATP synthase used for?
Enzyme ATP synthase is used to add the third phosphate to ADP to make ATP, using energy from the food you eat
Enzyme process cycle - Sucrose
- Enzyme and substrate are available. Enzyme is sucrase. Substrate is sucrose.
- Substrate binds to enzymes active site. Figure becomes enzyme – substrate complex.
- H20 is added. Substrate is converted to products.Products being fructose and glucose.
Enzyme process for lactose.
Lactose in the milk is the disaccharide which lactase breaks down into two monosaccharides - glucose and galactose
Dehydration synthesis reaction?
Hydrolysis?
Breaking polymers- Opposite of dehydration reaction
Breaks big polymers into smaller monomers
Water is added- Water forces its way in and breaks bonds
[]. [] (monomers linked by covalent bond)
\ O /. ➡️ H20 molecule is added ➡️. []. []
\ OH + HO /
What happens when ATP is broken down? Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
When ATP is broken down, it releases energy for the cell to use and become ADP and a phosphate.
ADP + P + Energy ➡️ ATP
Because energy is taken in, this is an endothermic reaction
Carbohydrates and ATP reactions
Most commonly broken down for ATP > can get around 36 ATP from 1 glucose molecule
Stores 4 cal/mg
Lipid’s, fats, and ATP reactions
Broken down after carbs => stores 9 cal/mg
Proteins and ATP reactions
Least likely to be broken down for energy => stores 4 cal/mg
Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the milk and boiled lactase solution?
The enzyme do you natured, so it could not molecularly fit.
Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the sucrose solution and enzyme solution?
The enzyme broke down the solution lactose into glucose and galactose.
Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the sucrose solution and enzyme solution.
The enzyme can only break down a specific substrate.
Explain the graph use the word denatured.
[ Graph -> As temperature increases, Enzyme reaction rate increases. Enzyme reaction rate reaches peak as temperatures increase. Enzyme reaction rate drops after peak as temperatures increase further. ]
Every enzyme has an optimum temperature. As temperature increases, the reaction rate increases, until the temperature goes beyond optimum temperature and the enzyme denatures.
What do pepsin’s do?
Breaks down proteins.
What does amylase do?
Breaks down starch.
