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Biology .1 > Chapter 2 - Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical reactants

A

The breaking and creating a bond between different substances

requires energy

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2
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start

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3
Q

Reactants ( substrate )

A

Substances that are changed during a reaction

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4
Q

Product

A

Substances that are made by a chemical reaction

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5
Q

How does a graph between the relationship of the reactants and products look like?

A 
|
|.                      -
|.                    -    -
|  —.         —-        —
|.      ——.                  -
|.                                 -
|.                                   ——-
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
X=energy, y= rxn progress
⬆️reactants.              ⬇️products
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6
Q

What are the two different types of reactants

A

Overall reactions absorb or release energy

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7
Q

Endothermic

A

absorbs energy to build

Anabolic

Example photosynthesis

More energy in products than reactants

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8
Q

exothermic

A

Releases energy; breaks down

Catabolic

Example; cellular respiration – digestion

Less energy in products than reactants

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9
Q

What does Digestion do

A

Digestion uses water and enzyme (amylase) to break down starch into disaccharide(maltose) then to monosaccharide( glucose )to cells via the bloodstream in humans

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10
Q

What building blocks do proteins and fats get broken into to?

A

Proteins and fats get broken down to their building blocks via pepsin and lipase respectively

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11
Q

How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine

A

Nutrients are absorbed by the villi of the small intestine

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12
Q

What happens to unused materials that are undigested

A

Unused materials that are undigested are excreted in feces

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis

A

The epiglottis protects the trachea and allows food pass to the esophagus

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the peristalsis

A

Peristalsis causes food to move through the gastrointestinal tract

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15
Q

What is the order in which food is digested

A

Oral cavity to epiglottis to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the pancreas

A

Pancreas secretes juices that raise the pH of the small intestine

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17
Q

Where are carbohydrates and other foods digested? Where does Protein digestion begin?

A

Carbohydrates in other foods are completely digested in the small intestine but protein digestion begins in the stomach

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18
Q

What happens once protein is digested?

A

Once digested their absorbed through the villi to produce ATP for Cell use

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine

A

The large intestine removed water from food and absorbs it back into the body

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20
Q

What are two key bio chemical reactions

A

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H20 ➡️. C6H12O6+6O2

Energy is stored as sugar therefore it is an endothermic reaction

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22
Q

Cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 ➡️ 6CO2+6H2O+38ATP

Energy is released as ATP

When sugar is broken down therefore it is an Exothermic reaction

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes are a type of proteins that speed up bio chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

They’re specialized molecules that bind two reactants AKA the substrate and break or form bonds, Release a newly created product

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24
Q

What is another name for enzyme

A

Because they speed up reactions they are called catalysts

25
Can enzymes be changed or used
Enzymes are not changed in a reaction and can be used over and over again
26
What do enzymes names typically END in
ASE
27
Specificity of enzymes
Enzymes are very specific They are and have an active site that fits only one substrate or reactant This is known as the look and key model
28
How many products does An enzyme make when it breaks or makes bonds
Enzymes can break bonds in substrates to form two products Enzymes can make bonds between substrates to form one product
29
DENATURATION
Enzymes active site gets deformed and loses its specific shape ➡️ Causes a loss of biological activity Caused by ; Extreme changes in pH ,temperature ,ion strength, and solubility Enzymes can be re-natured to their original shape but not always
30
What are two ways to change the rate of a chemical reaction
Number 1. Ph and number 2. temperature
31
How does temperature change the rate of a chemical reaction
Increasing temperature increases the rate of the reaction Molecules are moving FASTER due to an increase in the kinetic energy so they collide more with each other
32
PH definition
How acidic a solution is
33
How does the PH change the rate of a chemical reaction
Most enzymes only work at a very specific PH so if the pH changes it can affect the speed of reaction
34
How is fat broken down by an enzyme
fat -> lipase -> glycerol + fatty acids Protein -> protease -> amino acids Starch -> amylase -> sugars
35
What does your body need to run cells?
Your body needs energy to run your cells
36
Can your body use food directly for energy?
No, your body cannot directly use your food for energy.
37
Where is the energy you can use in the food you eat?
The energy you can use in the food you eat is stored in its chemical bonds.
38
How do you release the energy in your foods chemical bonds so your body can use them?
To release the energy for your body to use, those bonds have to be broken.
39
What happens once energy is released from the chemical bonds in the food you have eaten?
Once energy is released, ATP carries it to be used for cell functions
40
What is ATP?
Caries/stores energy for cell functions The ONLY molecules that directly powers your body!!!
41
Structure of ATP
A nitrogen base - adenine, A sugar ring - ribose, Three phosphate groups held together with high energy bonds ``` | /\ /\ |. |._/. __|___|___|__ \/. \. |. |. |. | Adenine/ \. Phosphates \_/ | | Ribose ```
42
ATP-ADP cycle
A lot of energy is stored in the bonds between the last two phosphates Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed ADP is changed back into ATP when a phosphate group is added ADP is recycled [ATP image]. .
43
What kind of process is the ATP-ADP cycle?
CHEMIOSMOTIC process
44
CHEMIOSMOSIS
Movement of ions down a concentration gradient
45
What is the enzyme ATP synthase used for?
Enzyme ATP synthase is used to add the third phosphate to ADP to make ATP, using energy from the food you eat
46
Enzyme process cycle - Sucrose
1. Enzyme and substrate are available. Enzyme is sucrase. Substrate is sucrose. 2. Substrate binds to enzymes active site. Figure becomes enzyme – substrate complex. 3. H20 is added. Substrate is converted to products.Products being fructose and glucose.
47
Enzyme process for lactose.
Lactose in the milk is the disaccharide which lactase breaks down into two monosaccharides - glucose and galactose
48
Dehydration synthesis reaction?
Building polymers-to build a polymer, we must link monomers. Example-two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, are equal to one Disaccharide, sucrose Dehydration Synthesis removes a water molecule, gives off water []. [] \OH + HO/. -> H20 is released, let go) -> - -[] []( Monomers linked by a covalent bond) \ O /
49
Hydrolysis?
Breaking polymers- Opposite of dehydration reaction Breaks big polymers into smaller monomers Water is added- Water forces its way in and breaks bonds []. [] (monomers linked by covalent bond) \ O /. ➡️ H20 molecule is added ➡️. []. [] \ OH + HO /
50
What happens when ATP is broken down? Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
When ATP is broken down, it releases energy for the cell to use and become ADP and a phosphate. ADP + P + Energy ➡️ ATP Because energy is taken in, this is an endothermic reaction
51
Carbohydrates and ATP reactions
Most commonly broken down for ATP > can get around 36 ATP from 1 glucose molecule Stores 4 cal/mg
52
Lipid’s, fats, and ATP reactions
Broken down after carbs => stores 9 cal/mg
53
Proteins and ATP reactions
Least likely to be broken down for energy => stores 4 cal/mg
54
Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the milk and boiled lactase solution?
The enzyme do you natured, so it could not molecularly fit.
55
Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the sucrose solution and enzyme solution?
The enzyme broke down the solution lactose into glucose and galactose.
56
Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the sucrose solution and enzyme solution.
The enzyme can only break down a specific substrate.
57
Explain the graph use the word denatured. [ Graph -> As temperature increases, Enzyme reaction rate increases. Enzyme reaction rate reaches peak as temperatures increase. Enzyme reaction rate drops after peak as temperatures increase further. ]
Every enzyme has an optimum temperature. As temperature increases, the reaction rate increases, until the temperature goes beyond optimum temperature and the enzyme denatures.
58
What do pepsin’s do?
Breaks down proteins.
59
What does amylase do?
Breaks down starch.

Biology .1 (10 decks)

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