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Biology .1 > Chapter 2 - Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical reactants

A

The breaking and creating a bond between different substances

requires energy

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2
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start

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3
Q

Reactants ( substrate )

A

Substances that are changed during a reaction

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4
Q

Product

A

Substances that are made by a chemical reaction

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5
Q

How does a graph between the relationship of the reactants and products look like?

A 
|
|.                      -
|.                    -    -
|  —.         —-        —
|.      ——.                  -
|.                                 -
|.                                   ——-
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
X=energy, y= rxn progress
⬆️reactants.              ⬇️products
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6
Q

What are the two different types of reactants

A

Overall reactions absorb or release energy

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7
Q

Endothermic

A

absorbs energy to build

Anabolic

Example photosynthesis

More energy in products than reactants

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8
Q

exothermic

A

Releases energy; breaks down

Catabolic

Example; cellular respiration – digestion

Less energy in products than reactants

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9
Q

What does Digestion do

A

Digestion uses water and enzyme (amylase) to break down starch into disaccharide(maltose) then to monosaccharide( glucose )to cells via the bloodstream in humans

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10
Q

What building blocks do proteins and fats get broken into to?

A

Proteins and fats get broken down to their building blocks via pepsin and lipase respectively

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11
Q

How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine

A

Nutrients are absorbed by the villi of the small intestine

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12
Q

What happens to unused materials that are undigested

A

Unused materials that are undigested are excreted in feces

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis

A

The epiglottis protects the trachea and allows food pass to the esophagus

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the peristalsis

A

Peristalsis causes food to move through the gastrointestinal tract

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15
Q

What is the order in which food is digested

A

Oral cavity to epiglottis to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the pancreas

A

Pancreas secretes juices that raise the pH of the small intestine

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17
Q

Where are carbohydrates and other foods digested? Where does Protein digestion begin?

A

Carbohydrates in other foods are completely digested in the small intestine but protein digestion begins in the stomach

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18
Q

What happens once protein is digested?

A

Once digested their absorbed through the villi to produce ATP for Cell use

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine

A

The large intestine removed water from food and absorbs it back into the body

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20
Q

What are two key bio chemical reactions

A

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H20 ➡️. C6H12O6+6O2

Energy is stored as sugar therefore it is an endothermic reaction

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22
Q

Cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 ➡️ 6CO2+6H2O+38ATP

Energy is released as ATP

When sugar is broken down therefore it is an Exothermic reaction

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes are a type of proteins that speed up bio chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

They’re specialized molecules that bind two reactants AKA the substrate and break or form bonds, Release a newly created product

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24
Q

What is another name for enzyme

A

Because they speed up reactions they are called catalysts

25
Q

Can enzymes be changed or used

A

Enzymes are not changed in a reaction and can be used over and over again

26
Q

What do enzymes names typically END in

A

ASE

27
Q

Specificity of enzymes

A

Enzymes are very specific

They are and have an active site that fits only one substrate or reactant

This is known as the look and key model

28
Q

How many products does An enzyme make when it breaks or makes bonds

A

Enzymes can break bonds in substrates to form two products

Enzymes can make bonds between substrates to form one product

29
Q

DENATURATION

A

Enzymes active site gets deformed and loses its specific shape ➡️ Causes a loss of biological activity

Caused by ; Extreme changes in pH ,temperature ,ion strength, and solubility

Enzymes can be re-natured to their original shape but not always

30
Q

What are two ways to change the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Number 1. Ph and number 2. temperature

31
Q

How does temperature change the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Increasing temperature increases the rate of the reaction

Molecules are moving FASTER due to an increase in the kinetic energy so they collide more with each other

32
Q

PH definition

A

How acidic a solution is

33
Q

How does the PH change the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Most enzymes only work at a very specific PH so if the pH changes it can affect the speed of reaction

34
Q

How is fat broken down by an enzyme

A

fat -> lipase -> glycerol + fatty acids

Protein -> protease -> amino acids

Starch -> amylase -> sugars

35
Q

What does your body need to run cells?

A

Your body needs energy to run your cells

36
Q

Can your body use food directly for energy?

A

No, your body cannot directly use your food for energy.

37
Q

Where is the energy you can use in the food you eat?

A

The energy you can use in the food you eat is stored in its chemical bonds.

38
Q

How do you release the energy in your foods chemical bonds so your body can use them?

A

To release the energy for your body to use, those bonds have to be broken.

39
Q

What happens once energy is released from the chemical bonds in the food you have eaten?

A

Once energy is released, ATP carries it to be used for cell functions

40
Q

What is ATP?

A

Caries/stores energy for cell functions

The ONLY molecules that directly powers your body!!!

41
Q

Structure of ATP

A

A nitrogen base - adenine, A sugar ring - ribose, Three phosphate groups held together with high energy bonds

         |
        /\  /\
       |. |._/.   \_\_|\_\_\_|\_\_\_|\_\_
        \/.   \.  |.  |.   |.    |
Adenine/ \.   Phosphates 
              \_/
              | |
             Ribose
42
Q

ATP-ADP cycle

A

A lot of energy is stored in the bonds between the last two phosphates

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed

ADP is changed back into ATP when a phosphate group is added

ADP is recycled

        [ATP image].            .
43
Q

What kind of process is the ATP-ADP cycle?

A

CHEMIOSMOTIC process

44
Q

CHEMIOSMOSIS

A

Movement of ions down a concentration gradient

45
Q

What is the enzyme ATP synthase used for?

A

Enzyme ATP synthase is used to add the third phosphate to ADP to make ATP, using energy from the food you eat

46
Q

Enzyme process cycle - Sucrose

A
  1. Enzyme and substrate are available. Enzyme is sucrase. Substrate is sucrose.
  2. Substrate binds to enzymes active site. Figure becomes enzyme – substrate complex.
  3. H20 is added. Substrate is converted to products.Products being fructose and glucose.
47
Q

Enzyme process for lactose.

A

Lactose in the milk is the disaccharide which lactase breaks down into two monosaccharides - glucose and galactose

48
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

Building polymers-to build a polymer, we must link monomers.

Example-two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, are equal to one Disaccharide, sucrose

Dehydration Synthesis removes a water molecule, gives off water
[]. []
\OH + HO/. -> H20 is released, let go) -> - -[]
\ O /

49
Q

Hydrolysis?

A

Breaking polymers- Opposite of dehydration reaction

Breaks big polymers into smaller monomers

Water is added- Water forces its way in and breaks bonds

[]. [] (monomers linked by covalent bond)
\ O /. ➡️ H20 molecule is added ➡️. []. []
\ OH + HO /

50
Q

What happens when ATP is broken down? Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

When ATP is broken down, it releases energy for the cell to use and become ADP and a phosphate.

ADP + P + Energy ➡️ ATP

Because energy is taken in, this is an endothermic reaction

51
Q

Carbohydrates and ATP reactions

A

Most commonly broken down for ATP > can get around 36 ATP from 1 glucose molecule

Stores 4 cal/mg

52
Q

Lipid’s, fats, and ATP reactions

A

Broken down after carbs => stores 9 cal/mg

53
Q

Proteins and ATP reactions

A

Least likely to be broken down for energy => stores 4 cal/mg

54
Q

Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the milk and boiled lactase solution?

A

The enzyme do you natured, so it could not molecularly fit.

55
Q

Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the sucrose solution and enzyme solution?

A

The enzyme broke down the solution lactose into glucose and galactose.

56
Q

Explain what happened in the lactase lab with the sucrose solution and enzyme solution.

A

The enzyme can only break down a specific substrate.

57
Q

Explain the graph use the word denatured.

[ Graph -> As temperature increases, Enzyme reaction rate increases. Enzyme reaction rate reaches peak as temperatures increase. Enzyme reaction rate drops after peak as temperatures increase further. ]

A

Every enzyme has an optimum temperature. As temperature increases, the reaction rate increases, until the temperature goes beyond optimum temperature and the enzyme denatures.

58
Q

What do pepsin’s do?

A

Breaks down proteins.

59
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch.

Biology .1 (10 decks)

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