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Biology .1 > chapter 23 - introduction to immunology: the war against microbes > Flashcards

chapter 23 - introduction to immunology: the war against microbes Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunity?

A

resistance to infection, or invasion by virus, bacteria, fungi, or protozoan

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2
Q

immunity can be…

A

specific or nonspecific

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3
Q

what is included in the innate nonspecific immune system?

A

first + second line of defense

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4
Q

dendritic cells defintion

pt 1 of process

A

like intelligence specialists.. collect pieces of the invader at the site and then travel to the nearest lymph node, presenting the piece of invader to the t cells

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5
Q

t cells definition

pt 2 of process

A

like system communication specialist… t cells then activate b cells to train them to form antibodies, the molecular weapons that target the invader specifically

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6
Q

b cells definition

pt 3 of process

A

b cells release millions of antibodies that are tailored to bind and neutralize enemies. the immune system deploys these until the enemy is wiped out

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7
Q

first line of defense

A

contains structures like the skin, bacteriostats or fluids, cilia, and mucus membranes

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8
Q

second line of defense

A

a. )cell mediated phagocytic cells like macrophages surround and destroy foreign matter
b. )inflammation - response to tissue damage which causes redness, swelling, and warmth due to increase in cells and fluids. white blood cells rush to sit
c. )fever

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9
Q

how do fevers work?

A

once bacteria is recognized, the lymphocytes release pyrogens to tell the brain to raise body temp

elevated body temp creates favorable environment for microbial growth and enhances normal immune response

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10
Q

third line of defense (specific)

A

consists of lymphocytes or white blood cells made in bone marrow

these travel in the blood and lymph OR stay in lymph organs like modes, tonsils, and spleen

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11
Q

what are the two types of specific lymphocytes?

A

b and t cells

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12
Q

what do b cells do?

pt 1 in 3rd line

A

they mature in bone marrow and make antibodies that have protein markers to bind to specific antigens that fit

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13
Q

pt 2 in 3rd line

def of plasma cells

A

then plasma and memory cells are made

antibody cell mediated antibodies are made by plasma cells

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14
Q

what do vaccines do to the immune system?

A

they pre-arm the immune system by sending in a weakened/dead version of the germ just enough to be recognized, but because the threat is low, the cell army disbands quickly

however, all important memory cells have been created and the system is then prepared for the real germ

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15
Q

do b cells come before or after plasma cells?

A

b cells come before plasma cells

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16
Q

each antigen has a specific…

A

binding site know as an antigen binding site to attach to the invader

only the specific binding site of the antibody will cause it to divide after exposure to the specific antigen

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17
Q

identical copies of lymphocytes are…

A

clones

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18
Q

where are antibodies found?

A

in serum and lymph and on surfaces of b cells

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19
Q

antibodies bound to antigens can kill the antigen by…

A
  1. activating host complement system
  2. attract phagocytes to destroy antigen
  3. aggregate or clump with the antigen in the membrane forming a hole for fluid to rush in to lyse or burst the microbe
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20
Q

host complement system def

A

series of serum proteins produced by the liver and work with the antibodies, causing infected cells to burst

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21
Q

summary of 3 lines of defense

A

first line - mechanical barriers + chemical barriers

second line - inflammation response + phagocytosis

third line - specific immune responses + natural killer cells

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22
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a disease causing microbe

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23
Q

what did jenner develop? when?

A

developed the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796

24
Q

what did pasteur develop? when?

A

developed first rabies vaccine in 1860

25
Q

vaccine def def

A

dead or weakened microbes which induce specific immunity against the antigens

some microbes change antigen markers to evade antibodies like the flu, hiv

26
Q

herd immunity def

A

only when enough get immunized or get the disease does the threat lessen

27
Q

primary immune response def

A

antigen exposure causes rapid division of plasma cells into antibodies

it takes 7 days for the minimum amount of antibodies to be made

many of the stimulated b cells become memory cells

28
Q

secondary immune response def

A

after re-exposure to the same antigen, memory cells make antibodies in 2-6 days

29
Q

inborn immunity def

A

resistance to nonhuman diseases before birth

30
Q

acquired immunity def

A

resistance developed after birth/conception

31
Q

passive immunity def

A

antibodies put in AND NOT in response to antigens (temporary)

32
Q

natural passive immunity

A

from mother through placenta and especially through brest milk

33
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

ex. gamma globulin IgG, inserted antibodies

34
Q

active immunity def

A

antibodies made by the body in response to antigens- more permanent immunity

35
Q

natural active immunity

A

antibodies make after infection/disease

36
Q

artificial active immunity

A

antibodies made after vaccines of dead/weak antigens are injected

37
Q

what suppresses immune system reactions?

A

stress, drugs, HIV

38
Q

what are allergic reactions caused by?

A

hypersensitivity -

for example, a poison ivy chemical alters HLA and T cells so they attack their own “foreign” cells with causes inflammation, rashes, and blisters from the release of histamine

allergens can cause constriction of breathing from blocked airways and death

39
Q

autoimmunity def

A

antibody or t cells bind to “self” cells due to gene susceptibility or after a virus mistake,

ie rheumatoid arthritis, chrons, etc

40
Q

what are viral diseases caused by?

A

the virus reproducing only inside cells (lytic cycle)

ie cold, flu, corona, hiv, hepatitis, measles

41
Q

how to bacterial diseases reproduce

A

though binary fission

ie cholera, bubonic plague, lyme, genome, syphilis, strep throat, etc

42
Q

how are protozoan diseases caused?

A

by 1 celled eukaryotes classified by type of movement

43
Q

helper T cells, immunity mediated by…

A

antibodies

44
Q

killer T cells, immunity mediated by…

A

cells

45
Q

suppressor T cells, immunity mediated by…

A

antibodies

46
Q

memory B cells, immunity mediated by…

A

antibodies

47
Q

plasma B cells, immunity mediated by…

A

antibodies

48
Q

macrophages, immunity mediated by…

A

antibodies

49
Q

where do t cells mature?

A

thymus

50
Q

where do b cells + macrophages mature?

A

bone marrow

51
Q

function of helper t cell

A

Activate B cells ,T cells, and macrophages to help with most adaptive immune responses

52
Q

function of killer t cell

A

Kill foreign cells

53
Q

function of suppressor t cell

A

Stimulate B cell to stop antibody production when enough are made/when antigen is defeated

54
Q

function of memory b cell

A

To activate other cells needed as well as go to the site of infection to kill off bacteria, and to memorize the bacteria so when it comes again, it will be recognized and defense mechanisms will work more quickly against it

55
Q

function of plasma b cell

A

Secrete antibodies

56
Q

function of macrophages

A

Surround and destroy any foreign matter

Biology .1 (10 decks)

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