chapter 23 - introduction to immunology: the war against microbes Flashcards
what is immunity?
resistance to infection, or invasion by virus, bacteria, fungi, or protozoan
immunity can be…
specific or nonspecific
what is included in the innate nonspecific immune system?
first + second line of defense
dendritic cells defintion
pt 1 of process
like intelligence specialists.. collect pieces of the invader at the site and then travel to the nearest lymph node, presenting the piece of invader to the t cells
t cells definition
pt 2 of process
like system communication specialist… t cells then activate b cells to train them to form antibodies, the molecular weapons that target the invader specifically
b cells definition
pt 3 of process
b cells release millions of antibodies that are tailored to bind and neutralize enemies. the immune system deploys these until the enemy is wiped out
first line of defense
contains structures like the skin, bacteriostats or fluids, cilia, and mucus membranes
second line of defense
a. )cell mediated phagocytic cells like macrophages surround and destroy foreign matter
b. )inflammation - response to tissue damage which causes redness, swelling, and warmth due to increase in cells and fluids. white blood cells rush to sit
c. )fever
how do fevers work?
once bacteria is recognized, the lymphocytes release pyrogens to tell the brain to raise body temp
elevated body temp creates favorable environment for microbial growth and enhances normal immune response
third line of defense (specific)
consists of lymphocytes or white blood cells made in bone marrow
these travel in the blood and lymph OR stay in lymph organs like modes, tonsils, and spleen
what are the two types of specific lymphocytes?
b and t cells
what do b cells do?
pt 1 in 3rd line
they mature in bone marrow and make antibodies that have protein markers to bind to specific antigens that fit
pt 2 in 3rd line
def of plasma cells
then plasma and memory cells are made
antibody cell mediated antibodies are made by plasma cells
what do vaccines do to the immune system?
they pre-arm the immune system by sending in a weakened/dead version of the germ just enough to be recognized, but because the threat is low, the cell army disbands quickly
however, all important memory cells have been created and the system is then prepared for the real germ
do b cells come before or after plasma cells?
b cells come before plasma cells
each antigen has a specific…
binding site know as an antigen binding site to attach to the invader
only the specific binding site of the antibody will cause it to divide after exposure to the specific antigen
identical copies of lymphocytes are…
clones
where are antibodies found?
in serum and lymph and on surfaces of b cells
antibodies bound to antigens can kill the antigen by…
- activating host complement system
- attract phagocytes to destroy antigen
- aggregate or clump with the antigen in the membrane forming a hole for fluid to rush in to lyse or burst the microbe
host complement system def
series of serum proteins produced by the liver and work with the antibodies, causing infected cells to burst
summary of 3 lines of defense
first line - mechanical barriers + chemical barriers
second line - inflammation response + phagocytosis
third line - specific immune responses + natural killer cells
what is a pathogen?
a disease causing microbe
what did jenner develop? when?
developed the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796
what did pasteur develop? when?
developed first rabies vaccine in 1860
