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Biology > Chapter 6 Power Points > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Power Points Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What happens to the telomere as the cell divides

A

It gets shorter

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1
Q

A protective cap at the end of DNA

A

Telomere

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2
Q

What do histones do

A

Keep the DNA from getting tangled and enable a tight and orderly packing of DNA within a cell

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3
Q

How do prokaryotes divide

A

Binary fusion

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4
Q

An exact copy of the cells DNA

A

Replication

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Binary fusion, because the daughter cell inherited DNA from a single parent cell

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cell cycle

A

(Interphase) 1: Gap 1, normal cellular function.
(Interphase) 2: DNA Synthesis, begins prep for divison.
(Interphase) 3: Gap 2, second stage of growth
4: mitosis, nucleus divide.
5: cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells.

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cell division interphase

A

1: primary growth, gap 1.
2: cell begins preparation for division, DNA synthesis
3: second growth for cell division, gap 2.

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8
Q

When the cell nucleus duplicates and divides

A

Mitosis

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9
Q

When the cell duplicates forming two separate cells

A

Cytokinesis

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10
Q

The process of DNA duplication

A

Replication

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11
Q

The characteristic that in the double stranded DNA molecule the base on one strand always has the same pairing partner on the other strand

A

Complementarity

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12
Q

Adenine pairs with what base

A

Thymine

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13
Q

Thymine pairs with what base

A

Adenine

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14
Q

Guanine pairs with

A

Cytosine

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15
Q

Cytosine pairs with

A

Guanine

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16
Q

Steps in DNA replication

A

1: unwind
2: rebuilding
3: finished DNA

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17
Q

An error that can occur during replication

A

Mutation

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18
Q

What is the purpose for mitosis

A

To enable cells to generate new genetically identical cells

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19
Q

What are the reasons for mitosis

A

1: Growth
2: Replacement

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20
Q

The preplanned process of cell suicide

A

Apoptosis

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21
Q

What type of cells are targeted in apoptosis

A

Cells lining the digestive tract as well as those in the liver.

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22
Q

How does mitosis begin

A

The parent cell replicates its DNA

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23
Q

What are the steps in mitosis

A

1: the condensing of the chromosomes, which during interphase are all stretched out and stringy.
2: next, all of the duplicated and condensed pairs of chromosomes move to the Center of the cell.
3: each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate.
4: and finally, new cell membrane form around each complete set of chromosomes and the cytoplasm duplicates as well.

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24
Q

What replicates in preparation of mitosis

A

Chromosomes

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25
Q

During what step do chromosomes duplicate in preparation of mitosis

A

Interphase

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26
Q

Why are chromosomes in an x shape

A

Each x consists of two identical linear DNA molecules

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27
Q

A chromosome and its identical replicated copy, joined at the centromere

A

Sister chromatids

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28
Q

What joins two sister chromatids

A

Centromere

29
Q

Chromosomes replicate in preparation for mitosis

A

Interphase

30
Q

Nuclear membrane breaks down, sister chromatids condense, spindle forms

A

Prophase

31
Q

Sister chromatids line up at the Center of the cell

A

Metaphase

32
Q

The sister chromatids pairs are pulled apart by spindle fivers. One full set of chromosomes goes to one side of the cell and another identical set goes to the other

A

Anaphase

33
Q

The chromosomes begin to uncoil as the nuclear membrane reassembles around them. The cell begins to pinch in two.

A

Telophase

34
Q

Cytoplasm is divided into the two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

35
Q

Cell division that’s out of control means

A

Cancer

36
Q

Large masses of cells

A

Tumors

37
Q

Unregulated cell division

A

Tumor growth

38
Q

Features that distinguish cancer cells from normal cells

A

1: cancer cells have no contact inhibition.
2: cancer cells divide indefinitely
3: cancer cells have reduced stickiness

39
Q

Moles and warts, are just masses of normal cells that do not spread

A

Benign Tumor

40
Q

Are cancerous, growing continuously and shedding cells

A

Malignant Tumor

41
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23 pairs

42
Q

Cells that have two copies of each chromosome

A

Diploid cells

43
Q

One copy of each chromosomes

A

Haploid cells

44
Q

A process that enables organisms prior to fertilisation to make special reproductive cells

A

Meiosis

45
Q

Have only half as many chromosomes as the rest of the cell in the body

A

Gamestes

46
Q

Cells that have two copies of each chromosome

A

Diploid

47
Q

Cells that have one copy of each chromosome

A

Haploid

48
Q

Name two important features of meiosis

A

1: it reduces the amount of genetic material in gametes.
2: it produces gametes that all differ from each other with respect to the combinations of alleles they carry.

49
Q

What cell starts meiosis

A

Diploid cells in the gonads

50
Q

Homologous

A

A single maternal or paternal chromosome.

51
Q

Each strand and its identical duplicate, held together at the centromere

A

Sister chromatids

52
Q

The two major parts to meiosis

A

1: the homologises are separated.
2: each of the two new cells divides again, separating the sister chromatids into two even newer cells.

53
Q

Prophase

A

1: replicated chromosomes condense.
2: spindle is formed
3: homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over
4: nuclear membrane disintegrates

54
Q

Metaphase

A

Homologues move towards the Center of the cell and line up.

55
Q

Anaphase

A

Homologues separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Sister chromatids going to each side are a mix of maternal and paternal genetic material.

56
Q

Telophase

A

Sister chromatids arrive at the cell poles and the nuclear membrane reassembles around them.

57
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell pinches into two daughter cells. Chromosomes may unwind slightly.

58
Q

Prophase 2

A

Chromosomes in daughter cells condense. Spindles form.

59
Q

What is the outcome of meiosis

A

The creation of four haploid daughter cells, each with just one set of chromosomes which contains a come felt unique combination of traits.

60
Q

What happens when chromosomes cross over

A

Creates new combinations of alleles on a chromatid

61
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that are all genetically different from each other and from their parents in three different ways.

1: combining alleles from two parents at fertilisation.
2: crossing over during the production of gametes.
3: shuffling and re-assortment of homologises during meiosis.

62
Q

Name the three reproductive advantages of sexual reproduction

A

1: combing alleles from two parents at fertilization.
2: crossing over during the production of gametes.
3: shuffling and reassortment of homologues during meiosis.

63
Q

What parent determines the sex of the baby

A

Father

64
Q

What determines sex

A

Sex chromosomes inherited from the parents. Carried by the sperm.

65
Q

Display of complete chromosome set

A

Karyotype

66
Q

The first step obtaining cells to prepare a Karyotype is relatively easy in an adult or child. Usually cells are collected from a small blood sample.

A

Amniocentesis

67
Q

Tissue removed from the placenta. Because the fetus and placenta both develop from the same fertilized egg, their cells contain the same genetic composition. Can be done several weeks earlier in the pregnancy between the 10th and 12th weeks

A

Chronic villus sampling (CVS)

68
Q

Unequal distribution of chromosomes during meiosis.

A

Nondisjunction

69
Q

Short height, web on skin between neck and shoulders, often sterile.

A

Turner syndrome: x_

70
Q

Underdeveloped testes, infertile, developes some female features, slightly taller than average

A

Klinefelter syndrome: xxy

Biology (10 decks)

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