Chapter 5 Power Points

Question 0

Name the components of DNA

Answer 0

Single phosphate group, a sugar and nitrogen containing base

Question 1

What does DNA stand for

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

Base pairs in DNA

Answer 2

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

Question 3

The double helix represents

Answer 3

DNA

Question 4

A molecule that stores information

Answer 4

Nucleic acid

Question 5

Sections of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins

Answer 5

Genes

Question 6

An organisms complete set of DNA

Answer 6

Genomes

Question 7

One or more unique pieces of DNA

Answer 7

Chromosomes

Question 8

A sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule that carries the information necessary for producing a functional product usually a protein molecule or RNA

Answer 8

Genes

Question 9

Describe alleles

Answer 9

Alternate versions of a gene that code for the same trait

Question 10

DNA occurs how in prokaryotes

Answer 10

Circular pieces

Question 11

DNA occurs how in eukaryotes

Answer 11

Linear strands of DNA called chromosomes

Question 12

Percentage of coding DNA in humans

Answer 12

2%

Question 13

Introns

Answer 13

Noncoding region of DNA, and may take the form of short and long sequences that are repeated thousands of times they may also consist of gene fragments duplicate versions of genes a psedogene

Question 14

Genotype

Answer 14

All of the genes contained in an organism

Question 15

Phenotype

Answer 15

The physical manifestation of the instructions

Question 16

How does a gene effect a flowers color

Answer 16

Two steps transcription, in which a copy of the genes base sequence is made; and translation in which that copy is used to direct the production of a protein

Question 17

When does transcription occur in eukaryotes

Answer 17

The nucleus

Question 18

What happens during transcription

Answer 18

The gene based sequence or code is copied into a molecule called mRNA

Question 19

What happens during translation

Answer 19

The mRNA move out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm to the cell where the message encoded in the mRNA molecules are used to build proteins

Question 20

What are the stages of transcription

Answer 20

1: Recognize and bind- once RMA polymerase recognizes a promoter site it binds to one strand of DNA and begins reading the gene message.
2: transcribe- as the DNA strand is processed through the RNA polymerase, the RNA polymerase builds a single strand copy of the gene, called the mRNA transcript.
3: terminate- when the pRMA encounter a code signaling the end of the gene, it stops transcription and releases the mRNA transcript.
4: copping and editing- a cap and tail are often added for protection and to promote recognition and noncoding sections are removed.

Question 21

What must be present in the cytoplasm for translation to occur

Answer 21

Free amino acids, ribosomal units and transfer RNA

Question 22

What is transfer RNA

Answer 22

Transfer RNA molecules translate mRNA code, linking specific bases on the mRNA with specific amino acids, that will be used to build a protein.

Question 23

A tool used to monitor the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously

Answer 23

Microarrays

Question 24

Elements of gene control

Answer 24

Promoter, operator and regulatory gene

Question 25

What causes a mutation and what are its effects

Answer 25

Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can lead to changes in the structure and function of the protein production. It can also have a range of effects.

Question 26

What are the two types of mutant and chromosomal aberration

Answer 26

Point mutations and chromosomal aberrations

Question 27

Point mutation

Answer 27

One base pair changed

Question 28

Chromosomal aberration

Answer 28

Entire section of chromosomes are altered

Question 29

Steps forms mutation to illness

Answer 29

1: mutated gene codes for non functioning protein usually an enzyme.
2: the no functioning enzyme can’t catalyse the reaction as it normally would bringing it to a holt.
3: the molecule with which the enzyme would have reacted accumulates like a blocked assembly line.
4: the accumulating chemical causes sickness and death.

Question 30

What is biotechnology

Answer 30

Genetic engineering. Adding, deleting, or transplanting genes from one organism to another, to alter the organisms in useful ways.

Question 31

Name the five tools of biotechnology

Answer 31

Chop, amplify, insert, grow & identity

Question 32

Chop cutting DNA into small pieces is a process done by

Answer 32

Restriction enzymes

Question 33

What is a restricting enzymes only function

Answer 33

Cutting DNA into small pieces

Question 34

A laboratory technique that allows a tiny piece of DNA to be duplicated repeatedly producing virtually unlimited amounts of it.

Answer 34

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 35

Insulin producing bacteria produce

Answer 35

HGH and Erythopoietin

Question 36

Difficulty with gene therapy

Answer 36

Difficulty getting the working gene into the specific cells where it is needed. Difficulty getting the working gene into enough cells and at the right rate to have a physiological effect. Difficulty arising from the transfer organism getting into unintended cells. Difficulty regulating gene expression.

Question 37

What two cells are used in cloning

Answer 37

An egg cell with no nucleus from the cloned and a mammary cell from the mother.