Chapter 6 - Physiology

Question 1

What are some examples of adaptations associated with feeding and digestion?

Answer 1

• tongue anatomy
• gizzard anatomy

Question 2

Describe how gizzard anatomy differs?

Answer 2

Gizzards range from large, seed-crushing structures to softer bags of tissue in fish eaters to nearly-absent pouches in the Hoatzin.

Question 3

The Hoatzin feeds entirely on…

Answer 3

Leafy vegatations

Question 4

The digestive system of Hoatzin functions much like…

Answer 4

Ruminants (cow)

Question 5

The Hoatzin is a ______ fermenter.

Answer 5

foregut

Question 6

The crop of the Hoatzin is ______. (enlarged or shrunk)

Answer 6

enlarged

Question 7

How many fermation chambers are in the crop of Hoatzin?

Answer 7

two

Question 8

Describe the fermation chambers of Hoatzin.

Answer 8

chambers house bacteria that break down indigestible cellulose into digestible carbohydrates

Question 9

The food of the Hoatzin is further fermented in the ____ ____.

Answer 9

lower esophagus

Question 10

For the Hoatzin, both the ____ and _____ are muscular and will grind the mash
of leaves inside

Answer 10

crop, esophagus

Question 11

In Hoatzin, the ______ and ____ are reduced in size and function.

Answer 11

proventriculus, gizzard

Question 12

Why are Hoatzin poor flyers?

Answer 12

The keel is much reduced in size to accommodate the enlarged crop

Question 13

_____ is produced by the kidneys and mixes with feces in the _____ ____.

Answer 13

Urine, lower intestine

Question 14

Where is water absorbed?

Answer 14

Lower intestine

Question 15

Birds excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of _____ _____, which forms ______ ____.

Answer 15

uric acid, white crystals

Question 16

To excrete urea, mammals require ____-____ times the amounnt of water to excrete urea compared to birds.

Answer 16

20-40x

Question 17

What are salt glands?

Answer 17

Organs that remove excess salt from the blood to excrete from the body.

Question 18

Are birds endothermic or exothermic?

Answer 18

Endothermic

Question 19

Most birds keep their body temperature at about

Answer 19

40C or 104 F

Question 20

Birds do not have a diaphragm, which drives respiration in mammals. Instead, birds inhale by

Answer 20

lowering the sternum to enlarge the chest cavity and expand the air sacs

Question 21

Avian hearts are ____ larger than mammalian hearts

Answer 21

41%

Question 22

Resting heart rates in medium-sized birds average about

Answer 22

220 bpm

Question 23

What is BMR?

Answer 23

Basal metabolic rate, the rate of metabolism when an organism is at rest

Question 24

While most birds do not hibernate, what bird does?

Answer 24

the Common Poorwill of western US

Question 25

Describe Bergmann's Rule

Answer 25

Individuals tend to be smaller in hot, humid climates and larger in dry, cold climates

Question 26

An expanded section of the esophagus. Used to store and soften food

Answer 26

crop

Question 27

First part of the stomach, chemical digestion, most developed in fish eating birds and raptors

Answer 27

Proventriculus

Question 28

Second part of the stomach, mechanical digestion, most developed in seed-eaters

Answer 28

Gizzard

Question 29

pouches near the terminus of the digestive tract. Contain bacteria to break down plant material

Answer 29

Ceca (singular Cecum)