Chapter 6 - Physiology Flashcards
What are some examples of adaptations associated with feeding and digestion?
- tongue anatomy
- gizzard anatomy
Describe how gizzard anatomy differs?
Gizzards range from large, seed-crushing structures to softer bags of tissue in fish eaters to nearly-absent pouches in the Hoatzin.
The Hoatzin feeds entirely on…
Leafy vegatations
The digestive system of Hoatzin functions much like…
Ruminants (cow)
The Hoatzin is a ______ fermenter.
foregut
The crop of the Hoatzin is ______. (enlarged or shrunk)
enlarged
How many fermation chambers are in the crop of Hoatzin?
two
Describe the fermation chambers of Hoatzin.
chambers house bacteria that break down indigestible cellulose into digestible carbohydrates
The food of the Hoatzin is further fermented in the ____ ____.
lower esophagus
For the Hoatzin, both the ____ and _____ are muscular and will grind the mash
of leaves inside
crop, esophagus
In Hoatzin, the ______ and ____ are reduced in size and function.
proventriculus, gizzard
Why are Hoatzin poor flyers?
The keel is much reduced in size to accommodate the enlarged crop
_____ is produced by the kidneys and mixes with feces in the _____ ____.
Urine, lower intestine
Where is water absorbed?
Lower intestine
Birds excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of _____ _____, which forms ______ ____.
uric acid, white crystals
To excrete urea, mammals require ____-____ times the amounnt of water to excrete urea compared to birds.
20-40x
What are salt glands?
Organs that remove excess salt from the blood to excrete from the body.
Are birds endothermic or exothermic?
Endothermic
Most birds keep their body temperature at about
40C or 104 F
Birds do not have a diaphragm, which drives respiration in mammals. Instead, birds inhale by
lowering the sternum to enlarge the chest cavity and expand the air sacs
Avian hearts are ____ larger than mammalian hearts
41%
Resting heart rates in medium-sized birds average about
220 bpm
What is BMR?
Basal metabolic rate, the rate of metabolism when an organism is at rest
While most birds do not hibernate, what bird does?
the Common Poorwill of western US
Describe Bergmann’s Rule
Individuals tend to be smaller in hot, humid climates and larger in dry, cold climates
An expanded section of the esophagus. Used to store and soften food
crop
First part of the stomach, chemical digestion, most developed in fish eating birds and raptors
Proventriculus
Second part of the stomach, mechanical digestion, most developed in seed-eaters
Gizzard
pouches near the terminus of the digestive tract. Contain bacteria to break down plant material
Ceca (singular Cecum)
