Ch 7 - senses Flashcards
Many raptors and songbirds can resolve details ___ to ____ times the distance of humans
2.5-3x
While human visible light spectrum ranges from 400 - 700 nm, birds can see ___ that range (____nm) into the ultaviolet spectrum
below, 325 nm
Eurasian Kestral can see _____ ____, which reflect UV light of their rodent prey
urine trails
One of the more advanced featured of avian vision may be their ability to….. unlike humans who must…
capture a whole picture ata glance rather than piecing information by scanning
In some species, ____ centers of high resolution in each retina
two centers
The American Woodcock can monitor _____ degrees laterally and ____ degrees vertically.
360 laterally, 180 vertically
Birds can see better ____ than ____, this leads to poor _____ _____.
to the sides, in front, poor depth perception
What are the two muscles in bird eyes?
Crampton and Brucke
Crampton muscle function
changing the shape of the cornea
Brucke muscle function
changing the shape of lens
Rather than pinnae, birds use _____ to project sounds into the ear canal.
feathers
What bird has a verticle cat-like slit in bright light
Black skimmer
Specialized ____ ____ protect ear opening from air turbulance while bird is moving while still allowing soundwaves to pass inside.
auricular feathers
Auks and penguins have strong, ____ ___ that cover the external ear openings while diving
protective feathers
The bilateral ____ openings of owl ears aid in the location of prey. This is because sources of sound are located by differences in the ___ and ___ of arrival of sounds at the two ear openings.
asymmetrical, intensity, time
The middle ear contains one ear bone, the ______
columella
Humans can hear ____ sounds than most birds at most frequencies.
fainter
The frequency range of good hearing is ___ in birds than in mammals
narrower
Some cave dwellwers, like ___ ___ and the ____ will use echolocation to avoid running into walls
Cave Swiftlets and Oilbird
Most birds have very ____ olfactory bulbs
small
It was once believed that birds do not have a well-developed sense of smell, but now this view has been altered and is likely as good as ___ and ____.
rats and rabbits
____, ____, and ___-_____ ____ all have much larger olfactory bulbs. These species are highly dependent on the sense of smell.
Kiwis, vultures, and tube-nosed seabirds
Vultures are particulary receptive to the smell of ___ ____, which is produced by rotting flesh.
ethyl mercaptan
Do nocturanal or diurnal birds have a larger oflactory bulb?
Nocternal
Smell can be important in courtship and reproduction. Male ___ must smell secreations from the female’s oil gland before copulation will occur. The ccompositino of the female’s oil gland secretions _____ (changes or stays the same?) during the breeding season.
Mallard, changes
______ can smell the aroma given off by beehives
Honeyguides
Avian brains are rather highly-developed, being ___ -___ times as large as reptiles
6 - 11 times
The avian brain, like all vertebrates, is divided into a forebrain,
midbrain, and hindbrain. The ___ and ____ are more developed in birds than in reptiles.
forebrain and midbrain
The ___ includes theolfactory bulbs and the cerebrum (divided
into two cerebral hemispheres).
It is involved in complex behavioral instincts, sensory integration, and learned intelligence.
forebrain
The ___includes the optic lobes, the cerebellum, and the
hypothalamus.
It is involved in vision, muscular coordination and balance, physiological controls, and the release of neurohormones that regulation things such as reproductive behaviors and the stress response
midbrain
The ____ is also known as the _____ . It is, for the most part, a linkage between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain through which neural pathways ascend and descend
hindbrain, medulla
Spatial memory and orientation in birds is regulated by the _____, which in birds is a paired structure located along the midline of the dorsal forebrain
hippocampus
Members of the ____, _____, and ____ have a highly developed hippocampus because they are involved in the caching of food. They must remember where they have stored the seeds so they can retrieve them at a later time
Corvidae, Sittidae, Paridae
Tufted Titmice will store up to ___ seeds per year. They havet he ability to revover them for us to ___ days.
50k, 28 days
Clark’s Nutcrackers will have up to ____ caches, each of which contains ____. They use these caches to survive the winter. They can remember the location of all of their seeds for up to _____. They remember their sites relative
to the positions of large objects, such as trees and large rocks, that are nearby. In experimental
situations, the shifting of these large objects will cause the nutcrackers to look in the wrong place for their caches
2k, 2 seeds, 9 months
Number of cones in avian retina ranges from ____ to _____
400k to 1 mil per mm2
What is the fovea?
a concave depression in the retina with an extremely high density of cones. It is the sight of the greatest visual acuity.
What birds tend to have a second, temporal focea in each eye.
fast flying and/or have forward-facing binocular vision
The _____ is a highly vascularized, pleated structure that is attached to the retina near the optic nerve and extends into the vitreous humor of the eye, in some cases almost coming in contact with the lens. It supplies nutrition and oxygen to the retina
pecten
Birds exhibit both ___ and ___ sleep
Slow-wave sleep (SWS), rapid-eye-movement (REM)
T/F: REM sleep can unihemispheric
FALSE, REM sleep always involves both hemispheres of the brain
T/F: Birds can undergo unihemispheric SMS sleep
True
Do birds sleep with one eye open when in REM or SWS?
SWS, as it is unihemispheric
What birds can undergo REM and SWS while still flying?
Seabirds and swifts
The acquisition and processing of information from the environment. It involves perception, learning, memory, and decision-making
Cognition
What birds exhibit superior congnitive abilities?
Crows, jays, and parrots
In 1921, ____ ____ learned to break into milk bottles to steal the cream on top. This behavior spread throughout Great Britain and continued until milk delivery was phased out
blue tits
Innovation is more likely in species with ____ forebrains
larger
____ have been known to place floating objects in water to attract fish
Herrons
The ______ ____ of the Galapagos Islands pries grubs from crevices with a stick or a cactus spine
Woodpecker Finch
____ ____ will gather dung and place it around their burrows to attract dung beetles, one of their main prey items
Burrowing owls
The ____ _____ _____ use hooked tools to remove prey items from crevices. These birds find raw materials and then craft and trim them to be the right size and shape
New Caledonian Crow
