Ch 7 - senses

Question 1

Many raptors and songbirds can resolve details ___ to ____ times the distance of humans

Answer 1

2.5-3x

Question 2

While human visible light spectrum ranges from 400 - 700 nm, birds can see ___ that range (____nm) into the ultaviolet spectrum

Answer 2

below, 325 nm

Question 3

Eurasian Kestral can see _____ ____, which reflect UV light of their rodent prey

Answer 3

urine trails

Question 4

One of the more advanced featured of avian vision may be their ability to….. unlike humans who must…

Answer 4

capture a whole picture ata glance rather than piecing information by scanning

Question 5

In some species, ____ centers of high resolution in each retina

Answer 5

two centers

Question 6

The American Woodcock can monitor _____ degrees laterally and ____ degrees vertically.

Answer 6

360 laterally, 180 vertically

Question 7

Birds can see better ____ than ____, this leads to poor _____ _____.

Answer 7

to the sides, in front, poor depth perception

Question 8

What are the two muscles in bird eyes?

Answer 8

Crampton and Brucke

Question 9

Crampton muscle function

Answer 9

changing the shape of the cornea

Question 10

Brucke muscle function

Answer 10

changing the shape of lens

Question 11

Rather than pinnae, birds use _____ to project sounds into the ear canal.

Answer 11

feathers

Question 12

What bird has a verticle cat-like slit in bright light

Answer 12

Black skimmer

Question 13

Specialized ____ ____ protect ear opening from air turbulance while bird is moving while still allowing soundwaves to pass inside.

Answer 13

auricular feathers

Question 14

Auks and penguins have strong, ____ ___ that cover the external ear openings while diving

Answer 14

protective feathers

Question 15

The bilateral ____ openings of owl ears aid in the location of prey. This is because sources of sound are located by differences in the ___ and ___ of arrival of sounds at the two ear openings.

Answer 15

asymmetrical, intensity, time

Question 16

The middle ear contains one ear bone, the ______

Answer 16

columella

Question 17

Humans can hear ____ sounds than most birds at most frequencies.

Answer 17

fainter

Question 18

The frequency range of good hearing is ___ in birds than in mammals

Answer 18

narrower

Question 19

Some cave dwellwers, like ___ ___ and the ____ will use echolocation to avoid running into walls

Answer 19

Cave Swiftlets and Oilbird

Question 20

Most birds have very ____ olfactory bulbs

Answer 20

small

Question 21

It was once believed that birds do not have a well-developed sense of smell, but now this view has been altered and is likely as good as ___ and ____.

Answer 21

rats and rabbits

Question 22

____, ____, and ___-_____ ____ all have much larger olfactory bulbs. These species are highly dependent on the sense of smell.

Answer 22

Kiwis, vultures, and tube-nosed seabirds

Question 23

Vultures are particulary receptive to the smell of ___ ____, which is produced by rotting flesh.

Answer 23

ethyl mercaptan

Question 24

Do nocturanal or diurnal birds have a larger oflactory bulb?

Answer 24

Nocternal

Question 25

Smell can be important in courtship and reproduction. Male ___ must smell secreations from the female's oil gland before copulation will occur. The ccompositino of the female's oil gland secretions _____ (changes or stays the same?) during the breeding season.

Answer 25

Mallard, changes

Question 26

______ can smell the aroma given off by beehives

Answer 26

Honeyguides

Question 27

Avian brains are rather highly-developed, being ___ -___ times as large as reptiles

Answer 27

6 - 11 times

Question 28

The avian brain, like all vertebrates, is divided into a forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The ___ and ____ are more developed in birds than in reptiles.

Answer 28

forebrain and midbrain

Question 29

The ___ includes theolfactory bulbs and the cerebrum (divided into two cerebral hemispheres). It is involved in complex behavioral instincts, sensory integration, and learned intelligence.

Answer 29

forebrain

Question 30

The ___includes the optic lobes, the cerebellum, and the hypothalamus. It is involved in vision, muscular coordination and balance, physiological controls, and the release of neurohormones that regulation things such as reproductive behaviors and the stress response

Answer 30

midbrain

Question 31

The ____ is also known as the _____ . It is, for the most part, a linkage between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain through which neural pathways ascend and descend

Answer 31

hindbrain, medulla

Question 32

Spatial memory and orientation in birds is regulated by the _____, which in birds is a paired structure located along the midline of the dorsal forebrain

Answer 32

hippocampus

Question 33

Members of the ____, _____, and ____ have a highly developed hippocampus because they are involved in the caching of food. They must remember where they have stored the seeds so they can retrieve them at a later time

Answer 33

Corvidae, Sittidae, Paridae

Question 34

Tufted Titmice will store up to ___ seeds per year. They havet he ability to revover them for us to ___ days.

Answer 34

50k, 28 days

Question 35

Clark’s Nutcrackers will have up to ____ caches, each of which contains ____. They use these caches to survive the winter. They can remember the location of all of their seeds for up to _____. They remember their sites relative to the positions of large objects, such as trees and large rocks, that are nearby. In experimental situations, the shifting of these large objects will cause the nutcrackers to look in the wrong place for their caches

Answer 35

2k, 2 seeds, 9 months

Question 36

Number of cones in avian retina ranges from ____ to _____

Answer 36

400k to 1 mil per mm2

Question 37

What is the fovea?

Answer 37

a concave depression in the retina with an extremely high density of cones. It is the sight of the greatest visual acuity.

Question 38

What birds tend to have a second, temporal focea in each eye.

Answer 38

fast flying and/or have forward-facing binocular vision

Question 39

The _____ is a highly vascularized, pleated structure that is attached to the retina near the optic nerve and extends into the vitreous humor of the eye, in some cases almost coming in contact with the lens. It supplies nutrition and oxygen to the retina

Answer 39

pecten

Question 40

Birds exhibit both ___ and ___ sleep

Answer 40

Slow-wave sleep (SWS), rapid-eye-movement (REM)

Question 41

T/F: REM sleep can unihemispheric

Answer 41

FALSE, REM sleep always involves both hemispheres of the brain

Question 42

T/F: Birds can undergo unihemispheric SMS sleep

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Do birds sleep with one eye open when in REM or SWS?

Answer 43

SWS, as it is unihemispheric

Question 44

What birds can undergo REM and SWS while still flying?

Answer 44

Seabirds and swifts

Question 45

The acquisition and processing of information from the environment. It involves perception, learning, memory, and decision-making

Answer 45

Cognition

Question 46

What birds exhibit superior congnitive abilities?

Answer 46

Crows, jays, and parrots

Question 47

In 1921, ____ ____ learned to break into milk bottles to steal the cream on top. This behavior spread throughout Great Britain and continued until milk delivery was phased out

Answer 47

blue tits

Question 48

Innovation is more likely in species with ____ forebrains

Answer 48

larger

Question 49

____ have been known to place floating objects in water to attract fish

Answer 49

Herrons

Question 50

The ______ ____ of the Galapagos Islands pries grubs from crevices with a stick or a cactus spine

Answer 50

Woodpecker Finch

Question 51

____ ____ will gather dung and place it around their burrows to attract dung beetles, one of their main prey items

Answer 51

Burrowing owls

Question 52

The ____ _____ _____ use hooked tools to remove prey items from crevices. These birds find raw materials and then craft and trim them to be the right size and shape

Answer 52

New Caledonian Crow