Chapter 10: Migration and Navigation

Question 1

Migration allows birds to…

Answer 1

exploid predictable seasonal feeding opportunities while living in favorable climates throughout the year

Question 2

Migration can be ___ (up and down mountain slopes from summer to winter) or _______ (from Arctiv to southern tips of Africa).

Answer 2

local

long-distance

Question 3

Migration differs from nomadic wandering by…

Answer 3

following predicable, seasonal opportunities

nomatic wandering is unpredictable and aseasonal

Question 4

Example of nomadic wanderer bird

Answer 4

Red crossbill, fruit and nectar eaters in the tropics

Question 5

In North America, migration is typically a _____ orientation due to…

Answer 5

north-south

coastlines, major rivers, and mountain ranges are typically north-south

Question 6

In Europe, migraton is initially _____ in orientation (at least initially before becoming ____) due to…

Answer 6

east-west, north-south

the posotion of the Alps and the Mediterranean Sea

Question 7

Major migration routes are called

Answer 7

flyways

Question 8

____ species don’t migrate as far noth in their winter as species in the northern hemisphere migrate south in their winter.

Answer 8

southern

Question 9

Differential migration is…

Answer 9

when birds of different age or sex migrate for different differences.

Question 10

Example for differential migration

Answer 10

The Dark-eyed Junco.

Young males winter at latitude of Ohio and Indiana,

Adult males winter in Kentucky and Virginia

Young females just south of adult males

Adult females along the Gulf of Mexico

Question 11

It is thought that young birds don’t migrate as far as adults because their _____ during migration is greater, therefore there has been selection for shorter migrations in
young birds…

Answer 11

mortality

Question 12

Males tend not to travel as far south as females because…

Answer 12

there is an advantage for them to return early in the spring to establish territories

Question 13

Adult females are pushed furthest south to…

Answer 13

avoid competition with the other age/sex classes.

Question 14

Blackcaps that winter in England exhibit an innate orientation to the northwest, suggesting…

Answer 14

a rapid evolution of the genetic program that controls their migratory behavior.

Question 15

What are the disadvantages of migration?

Answer 15

1. increased energy expenditure
2. Increased risk of depredation
3. Requirement of radical physiological adjustments

Question 16

What bird breeds in the fall so it can feed its nestlings migrants trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea?

Answer 16

Eleonora’s Falcon

Question 17

Only about ___ of small landbirds live through round-trip migration

Answer 17

1/2

Question 18

What are the two hypotheses as to why birds migrate?

Answer 18

A.) Escape from inhospitable climates. Suggests that migrants are temperate-zone birds that move to the tropics in the winter

B.) Exploitation of seasonal feeding opportunities. Migrants were originally tropical birds that started to move to northern areas during the summer.
Hummingbirds, tanagers, North American warblers, and tyrant flycatchers all fit this description

Question 19

Arctic Terns migrate _____ round trip every year

Answer 19

25,000 km

Question 20

Blackpoll Warblers fly for ___-___ hours over the _____Ocean from the E ____ to NE ____

Answer 20

80-90 hours, Atlantic Ocean, E US, NW SA

Question 21

For many birds, they lose about ___% of body weight per hour of flight

Answer 21

0.9%

Question 22

Birds have enough energy for about ___ hours or ___ km of flight

Answer 22

100 hours, 2500km

Question 23

Hummingbirds can go about -___ km and for ___ hours

Answer 23

1000 km and 26 hours

Question 24

Many birds, such as ____ and ___ will actually double their weight before migration

Answer 24

Blackpoll Warblers and Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds

Question 25

Fat makes up ___% of small, nonmigrating birds but increases to ___% prior to migration in short-range and ___% prior to migration in long0range migrants

Answer 25

3-5% non-migratory
13-25% short-range
30-47% long-range

Question 26

Songbirds will fly for ___ days straight and stop to increase fat reserves again

Answer 26

1-3 days

Question 27

Shorebirds tend to fly for a few days and then stop for extended periods at kkey staging areas called…

Answer 27

stopover sites

Question 28

Example of stopover site

Answer 28

In Delaware Bay area, crabs lay eggs right around shorebird migration. Shorebirds stop here to feed on the eggs of crabs

Question 29

Zugenruhe

Answer 29

The inherent rhythm to migration leading to migratory restlessness

Question 30

Emlen Funnel

Answer 30

Used to observe Zugenruhe. Birds are on an inkpad to observe what direction the bird is trying to go

Question 31

Although daylength triggers internal changes that allow for migration, birds will wait for…

Answer 31

favorable weather conditions (want tailwinds rather than to fly into wind)

Question 32

Male Red-Winged Blackbirds will arrive on the breeding ground ___ weeks before the females

Answer 32

1-5 weeks

Question 33

In the Least Flycatcher, offspring migrate south ___ than parents.

Answer 33

earlier

Question 34

In most shorebirds, parents will migrate up to one month ___ than offspring

Answer 34

earlier

Question 35

What kind of birds migrate during the day?

Answer 35

• Hawks (warm air currents)
• Swifts and swallows (eat on the wing)

Question 36

Why do small landbirds fly at night?

Answer 36

a) avoid predators
b) weather conditions are usually more calm at night, less likley to meet head winds

Question 37

How do birds navigate?

Answer 37

1. visual landmarks
2. solar compass
3. stellar compass
4. olfactory cues
5. geomagnatic fields

Question 38

Due to their solar compass, hoing pigeons perform better on ____ days than on ___ cloudy days

Answer 38

sunny, cloudy

Question 39

Captive European Starlings will orient their Zugenruhe ______ when the sun is visible but the activity becomes ____ when the sun is not present.

Answer 39

in the proper direction , scattered

Question 40

To use the sun, birds must understand

Answer 40

the changing position of the sun (about 15 degrees per hour)

Question 41

Indigo Bunting use the constellation that are within ___ degrees of the _____.

Answer 41

35 degrees of the North Star

Question 42

Indigo Buntings are familiar with what constillations? What is the significance of this?

Answer 42

Big Dipper, Little Dipper, Draco, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia.

If part oft eh sky is cloudy, they can use what is visible to guide them.