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Physiology > Chapter 6 Peripheral Nervous system: Afferent > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Peripheral Nervous system: Afferent Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Input

A

Can be external or internal

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2
Q

External stimuli

A

Light, touch, taste, sound, etc

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3
Q

Internal stimuli

A

Proprioception, detection of O2 content of blood, detection of changes in solute concentration in ECF

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4
Q

Sensory transduction

A

The process of transforming stimulus energy into an electrical signal in peripheral sensory receptors

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5
Q

Receptor Potential

A

Activation by stimulus causes a graded potential

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6
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

-found at the peripheral ends of afferent neurons
-if receptor potential large enough, triggers an action potential to travel towards CNS

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7
Q

6 types of sensory receptors

A

Photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors

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8
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Visible light

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanical energy such as stretch or pressure

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10
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Heat or cold

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11
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Changes in ECF solute concentration and resultant change in osmotic activity

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12
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Specific chemicals, such as odorants, tastants, O2 or CO2 concentration, or digestive chemicals

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13
Q

Nociceptors

A

Tissue damage, such as cutting or burning

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14
Q

How does sensory transduction happen

A

Stimulus either directly or indirectly leads to opening of cation channels

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15
Q

Cation channels

A

Positive ions
Channels that allow passing of sodium or potassium

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16
Q

Receptor Potential

A

A stimulus causes the opening of a cation channel and sodium floods in and depolarizes the membrane

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17
Q

2 versions of sensory receptors

A
  1. Receptor as part of the afferent neuron
  2. Receptor separate from the afferent neuron
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18
Q

Why are afferent neurons unique?

A
  1. Action potential initiated adjacent to sensory receptor, not at axon hillock
  2. Cell body hangs off side of axon
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19
Q

Property of sensory receptors

A

Strength of the stimulus ultimately encoded in the rate of action potentials of the afferent neuron

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20
Q

T/F action potentials always have the same amplitude

A

True

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21
Q

Action potentials are always of a ___ magnitude (all or none)

A

Fixed

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22
Q

Tactile sensation is transduced by

A

Mechanoreceptors

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23
Q

Receptive Field

A

The sensory receptor surface area that activates one afferent

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24
Q

Somatosensory

A

Tactile sensation

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25
Q

Acuity

A

The ability to discriminate between two stimuli

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26
Q

Smaller receptive fields have greater or lesser acuity

A

Greater

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27
Q

Larger receptive fields have greater or lesser acuity

A

Lesser

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28
Q

Pain

A

A protective mechanism that indicates tissue damage about to occur or has occured

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29
Q

What are painful stimuli transduced by?

A

Nociceptors

30
Q

3 types of nociceptors

A

Mechanical
Thermal
Polymodal

31
Q

Mechanical Nociceptors

A

Respond to intense mechanical stimulation (ex. Cutting, crushing, pinching)

32
Q

Thermal nociceptors

A

Respond to intense heat or cold

33
Q

Polymodal Nociceptors

A

Respond to chemicals released from injured tissue -> therefore respond to all damaging stimuli

34
Q

How is bradykinin activated

A

By damaged cells that release enzymes to activate it

35
Q

What does bradykinin activate?

A

Polymodal nociceptors

36
Q

T/F Axons of mechanical and thermal nociceptors are small and not myelinated

A

False

37
Q

Equilibrium

A

sense of body orientation and motion

38
Q

three parts of the vestibular apparatus

A

Semicircular Canal
Utricle
Saccule

39
Q

Semicircular Canal

A

detection of rotation of the head (all 3 planes)

40
Q

Utricle

A

Detects horizontal linear acceleration

41
Q

Saccule

A

Detects vertical linear acceleration

42
Q

Gustation

A

taste

43
Q

Tastants

A

Taste stimuli

44
Q

Tastants are transducer by

A

Chemoreceptors (taste receptor cells)

45
Q

Taste receptor cells cluster into ___

A

Taste buds

46
Q

Microvilli extend up into an opening called

A

Taste pore

47
Q

5 Primary tastes

A

Salty, Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Umami

48
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell

49
Q

T/F axons of Polymodal nociceptors are small and unmyelinated making them slower

A

True

50
Q

Perception of pain for a fast pain pathway

A

Sharp and localized

51
Q

Perception of pain from a slow pain pathway

A

Dull and long lasting

52
Q

What do inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord release?

A

Enkephalin- an opioid produced by the body that acts as a neurotransmitter

53
Q

What activates the inhibitory interneuron?

A

Neurons in the brain to silence the pain signal

54
Q

Analgesics- pain killers

A

Opioids produced outside of the body can activate the opioid receptors

55
Q

The retina contains what

A

Photoreceptors

56
Q

The iris contains what 2 muscles

A

Sphincter muscle and radial muscle

57
Q

Is constriction of the eye sympathetic or parasympathetic? What muscle is used?

A

Parasympathetic
Sphincter muscle

58
Q

Is dilation of the eye sympathetic or parasympathetic? What muscle is used?

A

Sympathetic
Radial muscle

59
Q

Refraction

A

The path of light bends when passing from one medium to another

60
Q

What do convex surfaces do to light?

A

The converged light rays from one point in visual field into a focal point

61
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

The cornea helps your eye to focus light so you can see clearly.

62
Q

What is the pathway of electrical activity through cell types in the retina?

A

Photoreceptor-> Bipolar cell -> Ganglion cell -> brain

63
Q

Accommodation

A

the ability to adjust the strength (roundness) of the lens in order to focus light sources on the retina

64
Q

Rods

A

for night vision

65
Q

Cones

A

for daytime vision and color vision

66
Q

Do photoreceptors have more synaptic activity in the dark or in the light?

A

In the dark

67
Q

What are the steps of the phototransduction 2nd messenger signal cascade?

A
  1. Retinal absorbs photon of light and activates the opsin
  2. Opsin activates the G-protein transduction
  3. Transduction activates effector protein phosphodiesterase, which degrades 2nd messenger cGMP in the intracellular fluid
  4. Less cGMP which leads to less activation of cGMP- gated channels
  5. less influx of Na+-> hyper polarization of photoreceptor
  6. Less synaptic transmission
68
Q

What is sound?

A

a wave of altering high and low air pressure

69
Q

Sound pathway

A

air pressure wave rattles the tympanic membrane moving the ossicles which pushes back and forth into a fluid-filled cochlea into the oval window. The fluid moves all throughout the cochlea and out of the round window.

70
Q

What is the purpose of the tympanic membrane and ossicles?

A

They act to increase force on the oval window

71
Q

Cochlear duct

A

separates top and bottom fluid filled compartments in the cochlea and is flexible.

72
Q

What is important about the tip links that connect stereocilia?

A

tension in tip leads to opening of mechanotransduction channel

Physiology (9 decks)

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