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Physiology > Chapter 13 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

all the body processes that accomplish movement of O2 to and CO2 from the tissues to support cell metabolism

A

Respiration

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2
Q

the entire sequence of events in exchange of O2 and CO2 between the environment and tissue cells

A

External Respiration

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3
Q

intracellular metabolic processes carried out within mitochondria that use O2 and produce CO2

A

Cellular respiration

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4
Q

ratio of carbon dioxide exhaled to oxygen uptake

A

Respiratory quotient

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5
Q

What RQ value is fat, alcohol, carbohydrates, and protein usually close to?

A

Fat- 0.7
Alcohol- 0.7
Carbohydrate- 0.1
Protein- 0.8

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6
Q

What organ takes up most of the thoracic cavity?

A

lungs

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7
Q

Where is the diaphragm located?

A

below the lungs, in between thoracic and abdominal cavities

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8
Q

-double-walled, closed sac that encases the lungs
-inner wall attached to outer lung surface
-outer wall attached to thoracic wall

A

Plural sac

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9
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the circulatory system?

A

alveoli

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10
Q

What cell type makes up most of the alveoli?

A

Type I alveolar cells

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11
Q

What substance is secreted by Type II alveolar cells? What does this substance do?

A

surfactant, facilitates lung expansion

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12
Q

provide defense against inhaled microbes and debris

A

alveolar macrophages

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13
Q

connect adjacent alveoli, providing alternate air route if other airway is blocked

A

Pores of Kohn

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14
Q

Where is the atmospheric pressure

A

exerted by weight of gas in the environment on the objects on Earth

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15
Q

Where is the intra-alveolar pressure

A

within the alveoli

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16
Q

Where is the intrapleural pressure?

A

within the pleural sac

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17
Q

What keeps the intrapleural pressure below atmospheric pressure?

A

Lungs are elastic and tend to pull inward (inner pleural sac pulled inward causes decrease in pressure in the intrapleural cavity)

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18
Q

difference between intra-alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

A

Transmural pressure gradient

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19
Q

how does transmural pressure gradient relate to lung function?

A

transmural pressure gradient is what keeps the lungs inflated, it opposes the elastic force of the lungs

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20
Q

What happens when the transmural pressure gradient is eliminated due to puncture of the pleural sac? What is this called?

A

collapsed lung aka pneumothorax

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21
Q

at any constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with the volume of the container

A

Boyle’s law

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22
Q

How does Boyle’s law relate to air flow through the lungs?

A

applies to how air moves into and out of lungs during respiration (high to low pressure)

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23
Q

What are the muscles involved with inspiration, and how do they cause it?

A

two major muscles are diaphragm and external intercostals, cause it by expanding the thorax and therefore the outer pleural sac

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24
Q

the natural recoil of diaphragm and external intercostals

A

Passive expiration

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25
Q

contraction of first two plus the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

A

Active expiration

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26
Q

how much effort is required to stretch the lungs, similar to how easy or difficult it is to stretch a balloon

A

compliance

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27
Q

How would an individual deal with less compliant lungs?

A

more forceful contraction of muscles needed to expand thoracic cavity more to increase transmural pressure gradient

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28
Q

What factors impact the elastic recoil of lungs?

A

elastin fibers in lung tissue and alveolar surface tension (most important) in thin film of liquid lining alveoli

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29
Q

Why does surface tension affect elastic recoil?

A

surface tension is the attraction of water molecules to each other instead of air

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30
Q

How does pulmonary surfactant help elastic recoil?

A

surfactant breaks up the cohesive bonds which decreases tension

31
Q

If given the Law of LaPlace, could you use it to determine inward collapsing pressure in an alveolus?

A

P= (2T)/r

32
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

A

respiratory volumes

33
Q

Do the lungs completely empty during passive expiration? How about after maximal expiration?

A

No

34
Q

volume exchanged during single breath

A

tidal volume

35
Q

Does gas exchange occur during expiration?

A

no, alveoli reduce in volume during expiration, returning gas (lower in O2 and higher in CO2) up the bronchial tree to the mouth

36
Q

What two factors determine pulmonary ventilation?

A

tidal volume (mL/breath) x respiratory rate (breath/min)

37
Q

volume of inspired air that does not reach alveoli (stuck in airways and not available for gas exchange)

A

Anatomic dead space

38
Q

Alveolar ventilation= ?

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

39
Q

What parts of the lungs are wrapped in smooth muscle?

A

bronchioles

40
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation causes broncho___________ and sympathetic stimulation causes broncho__________.

A

constriction, dilatation

41
Q

How does bronchiolar smooth muscle react to a decrease in local CO2 concentration?

A

response to decrease concentration by decreasing airflow by bronchoconstriction –> large airflow

42
Q

How does bronchiolar smooth muscle react to an increase in local CO2 concentration?

A

response to increase concentration by increasing airflow by bronchodilation –> small airflow

43
Q

How does pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle react to an increase O2 concentration?

A

react to increase by increasing blood flow (small blood flow)

44
Q

How does pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle react to a decrease in O2 concentration?

A

react to decrease by decreasing blood flow (large blood flow)

45
Q

The pressure an individual gas exerts in a mixture of gases

A

partial pressure

46
Q

Is the PO2 in the alveoli greater than or less than that in the atmosphere? Why?

A

alveoli lower than atmosphere because
1) air is humidified, diluting the air with the additional partial pressure of vaporized H2O
2) volume of freshly breathed-in air is mixed with larger volume leftover in lungs—this old air has less O2

47
Q

Is the PO2 of blood coming in from the pulmonary arteries greater than or less than that in the alveoli?

A

greater than

48
Q

Is the PCO2 of blood coming in from the pulmonary arteries greater than or less than that in the alveoli?

A

less than

49
Q

How is most O2 transported in the blood?

A

hemoglobin

50
Q

Is hemoglobin more saturated at the pulmonary capillaries or at the systemic capillaries?

A

more saturated in the pulmonary capillaries

51
Q

What determines how much O2 combines into oxyhemoglobin?

A

PO2 of the blood

52
Q

percentage of O2 binding sites from all hemoglobin molecules that are filled with O2

A

Percent hemoglobin saturation

53
Q

Does O2 bound to hemoglobin contribute to the PO2 of the blood?

A

NO

54
Q

How would a greater O2 demand in hard-working tissues change the percent hemoglobin saturation at the systemic capillaries in those tissues?

A

hardworking tissues would decrease amount of saturated hemoglobin because the 4 factors occur at tissue level during high metabolic activity

55
Q

What are the three ways in which CO2 is transported in the blood?

A

1) dissolved gas (10%)
2) hemoglobin (globin subunit, 30%)
3) bicarbonate (HCO3- 60%)

56
Q

What is the role does carbonic anhydrase play in CO2 transport? Where is it located?

A

-catalyzes conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate (HCO3)
-it is an enzyme stored in erythrocytes

57
Q

What four factors affect the dissociation curve between percent hemoglobin saturation and PO2? What affect do they have on percent hemoglobin saturation?

A

1) increased Pco2
2) increased H+ (acid)
3) increased temperature
4) increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
- first 3 increase amount of O2 to tissues, 4 ensure enough O2 is unloaded at tissues

58
Q

Where is BPG produced during metabolic activity?

A

In erythrocytes

59
Q

When does the production of BPG increase?

A

When hemoglobin is chronically undersaturated to ensure there is enough O2 at the level of the tissues

60
Q

Do inspiratory muscles create self-generating contractions?

A

No, they require electrical stimulation from motor axons.

61
Q

Network of neurons that create self-induced action potentials that underlie the respiratory rhythm

A

Pre-Botzinger complex

62
Q

Neurons that project to the motor neurons in the spinal cord of inspiratory muscles (they receive input from the Pre-Botzinger complex

A

Dorsal Respiration group (DRG)

63
Q

What are the two pons respiratory centers?

A

Pneumotaxic center and bpneustic center

64
Q

neurons that are recruited by DRG during increased inspiration or active expiration (some project down to motor neurons in the spinal cord of expiratory muscles)

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

65
Q

Which group of neurons triggers inspiratory muscles?

A

-inspiratory triggered by dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

66
Q

What neural center fine tunes inspiration and expiration?

A

-fine tuned by pons pnuemotaxic and apneustic centers

67
Q

Which group of neurons triggers active expiratory muscles?

A

expiratory triggered by ventral respiratory group (VRG)

68
Q

What signal is the main regulator of ventilation?

A

CO2-generated H+ in the brain

69
Q

How does an increase in arterial CO2 increase this signal?

A

Increased PCO2 in the brain ECF leads to increased H+

70
Q

What neural structure senses the signal?

A

central chemoreceptors

71
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors strongly sensitive to?

A

O2 when PO2 falls below 60 mmHg

72
Q

A group of lung diseases characterized increased airway resistance due to narrowed airways

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

73
Q

What three diseases are considered types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema

Physiology (9 decks)

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