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Physiology > Chapter 11 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the constituents of blood?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platlets
Plasma

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2
Q

What are constituents of plasma?

A

Water
Plasma Proteins
Electrolytes
Other organic molecules- glucose, amino acids, urea, hormones, etc.
Dissolved gasses- O2 and CO2

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3
Q

Where are plasma proteins produced?

A

in the liver (except antibodies)

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4
Q

Do plasma proteins leave blood vessels?

A

No

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5
Q

What are 3 types of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

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6
Q

What type of plasma proteins transport substances that are poorly soluble in plasma?

A

Albumins

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7
Q

What type of plasma proteins are different subtypes and may transport specific substances, or are factors in blood clotting, or help regulate salt balance?

A

Globilins

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8
Q

What is the main function of erythrocytes?

A

To carry O2

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9
Q

What type of plasma proteins are a key factor in blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

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10
Q

What molecule does erythrocytes contain to help carry O2?

A

Hemoglobin

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11
Q

Why does O2 need a molecule to be transported?

A

O2 is poorly soluble in plasma so 98.5% of it is transported by hemoglobin

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12
Q

Why don’t erythrocytes contain a nucleus and organelles?

A

They have a short life span (~4 months)

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13
Q

Why do erythrocytes have such a short life span?

A

Constantly squeezing through capillaries damaging the plasma membrane

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14
Q

What organ removes most old, fragile erythrocytes?

A

The Spleen

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15
Q

What is generation of new erythrocytes called?

A

Erythropoiesis

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16
Q

Where in the body does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Bone Marrow

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17
Q

What does bone marrow contain to help create blood cells?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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18
Q

What type of homeostatic feedback loop is erythropoiesis controlled by?

A

Negative

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19
Q

What are the steps of erythropoiesis?

A
  1. Kidneys detect a decreased O2 level
  2. Kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin
  3. Erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte precursor cells to proliferate and mature
  4. Newly released erythrocytes increase O2 level in the blood
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20
Q

Human erythrocytes contain inherited _____ _____

A

surface molecules

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21
Q

What surface molecules does each blood type contain?

A

A-type- A
B-type- B
AB-type- both
O-type- Neither

22
Q

What large molecule triggers immune response in the body?

A

Antigen

23
Q

What do leucocytes produce to bind with specific antigens to destroy them?

A

Antibodies

24
Q

What is it called when a donor blood is the wrong type and causes the blood to agglutinate and rupture?

A

Transfusion Reaction

25
Q

Why can type AB receive any type of blood?

A

They don’t develop antibodies to A or B

26
Q

What factor tells us if our blood is (+) or (-)?

A

Rh factor

27
Q

Mobile units of the body’s immune system is called?

A

Leukocytes

28
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A

Polymorphoneuculear Granulocytes (Multiple irregular shaped nuclei and has granules)
Mononuclear Agranulocytes (One nucleus and doesn’t have granules)

29
Q

Polymorphoneuculear Granulocyte that engulf and destroys bacteria by phagocytosis; They release chemicals from granules that kill bacteria

A

Neutrophils

30
Q

Polymorphoneuculear Granulocytes that attach to parasitic worms and kills with granular chemicals; also associated with allergic conditions

A

Eosinophils

31
Q

Polymorphoneuculear Granulocytes that synthesize and store the paracrines histamine and heparin

A

Basophils

32
Q

Mononuclear Agranulocytes that exits to body tissues, enlarges into microphage, then exits from months to years

A

Monocytes

33
Q

Produce antibodies; destroy cancer cells or body cells infected by viruses

A

Lymphocytes

34
Q

Very large cells in bone marrow that sheds off platelets (cell fragments) called

A

Megakaryocyte

35
Q

What hormone does the liver secrete that stimulates increase in number and activity of megakaryocytic in the bone marrow?

A

Thrombopoietin

36
Q

What do platelets consist of?

A

-large vesicles containing cytoplasm of megakaryocyte
-contain some organelles and enzymes for energy production and secretion of substances
-contain actin and myosin
-function for ~10 days

37
Q

The arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel is called

A

Hemostasis

38
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular Spasm
  2. Formation of platelet plug
  3. Blood coagulation (clotting)
39
Q

-An injury to a blood vessel releases paracrine causing vasoconstriction.
-The endothelial surface becomes sticky and opposing ends adhere to each other

A

vascular spasm

40
Q

Exposure of what protein in the blood vessel to plasma leads to platelet plug formation?

A

exposed collagen

41
Q

How are platelet plugs formed?

A
  1. Circulating platelets adhere to and are activated by exposed collagen at the site of vessel injury
  2. Activated platelets release ADP and thromboxane A2
  3. These chemical messengers work to activate other platelets passing by
  4. Newly activated platelets aggregate onto the growing platelet plug and release even more platelet-attracting chemicals
  5. Normal (uninjured) endothelium releases prostacyclin and nitric oxide, which inhibit platelet aggregation, so the platelet plug is confined to the site of injury
42
Q

What causes blood clotting to occur?

A
  1. Actin-myosin complex contracts
  2. Plug releases several profound vasoconstrictors
  3. Plug releases chemicals that enhance blood clotting
43
Q

What happens after the clot?

A

The platelets secrete a chemical to draw fibroblasts to area and forms a scar at a vessel defect.

44
Q

Plasma protein is called

A

Plasminogen

45
Q

Why is plasminogen is converted in to plasmin?

A

Plasmin slowly dissolves fibrin mesh over time (dissolves clot)

46
Q

What type of clot pathway is triggered at exposure of blood to damage blood vessel?

A

Intrinsic clot pathway

47
Q

What type of clot pathway is triggered at exposure of blood to factors in damaged tissue outside of blood vessel (a clot that forms on skin, or in body tissue)

A

Extrinsic clot pathway

48
Q

Erythrocytes contain enzymes that can catalyze CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate and H+

A

Carbonic anhydrase

49
Q

Where are leukocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

50
Q

Platelets trapped in clot retract, pulling edged of damaged vessel closer together

A

Clot Retraction

51
Q

What is the ultimate step in formation of a blood clot? How does this form a clot?

A

-Conversion of fibrinogen (plasma protein produced in liver) to fibrin
-Forms loose mesh that adheres to damaged blood vessel surface and traps red blood cells and aggregating platelets, forming a clot.

Physiology (9 decks)

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