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Physiology > Chapter 14 Urinary system > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Large, bean shaped organs in the abdominal cavity that function to remove wastes and excess solutes from the ECF in the form of urine.

A

Kidney

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2
Q

What are the 10 main functions of the kidneys?

A

1) maintaining H2O balance in the body
2) Maintaining proper osmolarity of body fluids
3) Regulating concentration of ECF ions: Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, H+, HCO3−, PO43−, SO42−, Mg2+
4) Maintaining proper plasma volume—important for blood pressure
5) Maintaining proper acid-base balance of the body—by adjusting urinary output of H+ and HCO3−
6) Eliminating the wastes of metabolism—including urea (from proteins), uric acid (from nucleic acids), creatinine (from muscle creatine), bilirubin (from hemoglobin), and hormone metabolites
7) Excreting foreign compounds—drugs, food additives, pesticides, etc.
8) Producing renin—hormone that triggers salt conservation
9) Producing erythropoietin—hormone that stimulates red blood cell production
10) Converting vitamin D into its active form

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3
Q

Pathway of urine

A

renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra

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4
Q

Is the blood flow to the kidneys just enough to oxygenate the kidneys, or more?

A

20-25% of cardiac output flows through the kidneys

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5
Q

The smallest unit of the kidney that performs all of the kidney’s function

A

Nephron

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6
Q

5 parts of a nephron

A

Glomerulus, Afferent arteriole, Efferent Arteriole, Peritubular capillaries, Bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons? (based on length of loop of henle)

A

-Cortical nephron (80% of nephrons) short loop
-Juxtomedullary nephron (20% of nephrons) long loop

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8
Q

What are the two regions of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex and renal medulla

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9
Q

ball like tuft of capillaries where some water and solutes are filtered from blood passing through

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

blood vessel entering glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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11
Q

blood vessel exiting the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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12
Q

supply renal tissue and aid in reabsorption and secretion to form urine

A

peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

hollow tube surrounding glomerulus (filtered plasma flows into)

A

Bowmans capsule

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14
Q

filtering of plasma thru the glomerulus

A

Glomerular filtration

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15
Q

What the three basic renal processes?

A

Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, and Tubular secretion

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16
Q

reabsorption of substances of value from the filtrate in the tubules back into the blood vessels

A

Tubular reabsorption

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17
Q

selective transfer of substances from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubule

A

Tubular secretion

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18
Q

What are the three layers of the glomerular membrane?

A

Glomerular capillary wall, Basement membrane, and Inner layer of Bowman’s capsule

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19
Q

What does the glomerular capillary wall do?

A

It’s a layer of endothelial cells, however they have large pores between and in the middle of the cells. They are very permeable to H2O and solutes

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20
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

-It is acellular, and helps block large plasma proteins from getting into the glomerular capillary wall.
-They are negatively charged and repel small plasma proteins that are also negatively charged

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21
Q

What is the inner layer of Bowmans capsule?

A

They consist of podocytes that give off interdigitating foot process, which form filtration slits that filtrate can pass through

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22
Q

What forces cause plasma to leave the glomerular capillaries and enter Bowman’s capsule?

A

Glomerular capillary pressure, plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, and Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

glomerular capillary pressure

A
  • blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries (pushing in)
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24
Q

plasma colloid pressure

A
  • plasma proteins stuck in glomerular capillaries displacing water (pushing out)
25
Q

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

A
  • pressure exerted by the fluid in Bowman’s capsule (pushing out)
26
Q

Why is glomerular pressure typically higher than in systemic capillaries?

A

afferent arteriole has little vascular resistance and the glomerulus is specialized for filtration

27
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and what factors does it depend on?

A

GFR is the volume entering Bowman’s capsule per min
depends on filtration coefficient (Kf) and net filtration pressure

28
Q

How does arterial blood pressure affect glomerular capillary pressure?

A

increased arterial blood pressure increases the glomerular capillary pressure

29
Q

How does arterial blood pressure affect plasma-colloid osmotic pressure?

A

does not have any effect on plasma colloid pressure

30
Q

How does arterial blood pressure affect the GFR?

A

increased pressure causes more fluid to be lost to urine

31
Q

What are the two intrinsic mechanisms used by the kidneys to counteract changes in GFR?

A

Myogenic mechanism and Tubuloglomerular feedback

32
Q

stretch of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle (bc increased blood pressure) causes automatic contraction

A

myogenic mechanism

33
Q

tubular cells in the macula densa (of the juxtaglomerular apparatus) sense the increase/decrease salt concentration and release cytokines that activate granular smooth muscle to dilate around afferent arteriole

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

34
Q

How can GFR be controlled extrinsically?

A

sympathetic nervous system

35
Q

cells that contain actin that hold the glomerular capillary bundle together

A

mesangial cells

36
Q

How are mesangial cells affected by sympathetic activity?

A

sympathetic causes them to contract, which closes off some capillaries/decreases filtration surface area

37
Q

all steps in transepithelial transport of the solute are passive—no energy spent to move substance down gradient

A

Passive reabsorption

38
Q

one or more steps of transepithelial transport require energy to be used to move solute against gradient

A

Active reabsorption

39
Q

What is transepithelial transport?

A

-steps the filtrate must pass through:
1) Luminal membrane
2) cytosol of tubular cell
3) Basolateral membrane
4) interstitial fluid
5) peritubular capillary wall

40
Q

plasma membrane of tubular epithelial cell facing lumen

A

Luminal membrane

41
Q

plasma membrane of tubular epithelial cell facing interstitial fluid

A

Basolateral membrane

42
Q

If you saw a diagram of the mechanisms of Na+ reabsorption, could you explain what was going on?

A

1) Na+/K+ pump in basolateral membrane dumps Na+ from tubular cell into interstitial fluid of kidney
2) Na+ leak channels or passive carriers in luminal membrane allows Na+ to pass from tubule lumen into tubular cell

43
Q

total amount of Na+ in the body (not the same as concentration)

A

Na+ load

44
Q

How does the Na+ load affect blood pressure?

A

affects BP because greater salt load increases osmotic gradient (water retention, increased ECF and blood plasma volume) which increases BP

45
Q

How is Na+ reabsorption regulated?

A

aldosterone (RAAS)

46
Q

When is renin released? Where is it released from?

A

-in response toe reduced salt/ECF volume/BP
-from the granular cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus

47
Q

Where does angiotensin come from?

A

liver

48
Q

promotes insertion of additional Na+ leak channels into luminal membrane and Na+/K+ pumps into basolateral membrane

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

Where does aldosterone come from?

A

from the adrenal glands

50
Q

hormone produced in atrial cardiac muscle cells

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

51
Q

hormone produced in ventricular cardiac muscle cells (also found in brain)

A

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

52
Q

What happens when there is an increased NaCl and H2O retention?

A

-increased bp
-increased blood plasma
-additional stretching of cardiac muscle during filling
-release of ANP and BNP from stretched cardiac muscle cells

53
Q

The process of excretion of large amounts of Na+ in the urine

A

Natriuresis

54
Q

T/F RAAS and natriuretic system work in opposition to each other in adjusting Na+ reabsorption

A

True

55
Q

Glucose and amino acids reabsorbed from filtrate back into peritubular capillaries using energy from Na+ gradient

A

Secondary active transport

56
Q

How is reabsorption of glucose accomplished?

A

Through secondary active transport

57
Q

moves Na+ down its concentration gradient in order to move glucose against its concentration gradient

A

Sodium and glucose cotransporter (SGLT)

58
Q

facilitated diffusion—moves glucose down its concentration gradient

A

Glucose transporter (GLUT)

59
Q

What are the two hormones involved with Natriuresis?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Physiology (9 decks)

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