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Physiology > Chapter 12 Body Defenses > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Body Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s ability to protect itself from harmful foreign cells or abnormal cells (ex. cancer cells)

A

Immunity

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2
Q

What are the activities of the immune system?

A
  1. To defend against pathogens
  2. To remove worn-out cells or tissue damaged by trauma or disease
  3. Destroy abnormal cancer cells
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3
Q

Non-nucleated, unicellular organism; contain all cellular machinery necessary for survival and reproduction

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

Nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat; not organisms and cannot self sustain

A

Virus

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5
Q

What does virulence mean?

A

The ability of a microorganism to cause damage to its host.

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6
Q

What are the 5 leukocytes?

A

Neutrophil, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocyte, and Lymphocytes

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7
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B-cells and T-cells

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8
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies that indirectly lead to destruction of foreign material

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9
Q

T cells

A

directly destroy virus-invaded cells and cancer cells

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10
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

in lymphoid tissue

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11
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

clears blood of microorganisms, debris and worn-out blood cells; exchange lymphocytes with blood

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12
Q

What are the two components of the immune system?

A

Innate immune system and Adaptive (acquired) immune system

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13
Q

Which system is the body’s built in, immediate, non-specific immune responses to any threatening material

A

Innate immune system

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14
Q

What phagocytes mediate the innate immune system?

A

By phagocytic leukocytes: neutrophils and macrophages

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15
Q

Which system is the body’s specific immune responses to a foreign material it has been exposed to before and had an opportunity to prepare for

A

Adaptive immune system

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16
Q

What lymphocytes mediate the adaptive immune system?

A

B cells and T cells

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17
Q

What triggers the innate immune system?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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18
Q

How does the immune system detect these triggers?

A

-Toll-like receptors detect extracellular PAMPs
-RIG-like receptors detect inside the body by viral nucleic acids
-NOD-like receptors detect intracellular by parasitic worms

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19
Q

What are the four defenses of the innate immune system?

A

Inflammation, Interferon, Natural killer cells, and the complement system

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20
Q

Inflammations purpose is to do what?

A
  1. Destroy invading pathogens
  2. Removing debris
  3. Prepare for healing and repair
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21
Q

What are the series of events in inflammation?

A
  1. macrophages engulf foreign material and releases cytokines
  2. Mast cells release histamine, vasodialates nearby arterioles
  3. increase blood flow bringing more leukocytes and plasma proteins
  4. Histamine enlarges capillary pores, allowing plasma proteins to leak out into area of damage
  5. increasing leakage of plasma causes swelling
  6. Trigger extrinsic clot pathway
  7. Mesh net is created when fibrinogen converts to fibrin
  8. Cytokines causes Diapedesis (squeezing through capillary pores)
  9. Phagocytes clear area of debris and healing occurs
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22
Q

Edema

A

swelling

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23
Q

What is scar tissue made of?

A

Deposits of collagen proteins

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24
Q

What paracrine do macrophages and helper T cells release?

A

Cytokines

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25
What does histamine do?
It vasodialates nearby arterioles
26
What is the process in which white blood cells come out of the blood vessels and squeeze through capillaries into the surrounding area in case of injuries?
diapedesis
27
A group of three related cytokines released from virus-infected cells and interferes with ability of virus to replicate in other potential host cells
Interferon
28
What do natural killer cells do?
- Have ability to immediately recognize features of virus-infected cells or cancer cells -Release chemicals through exocytosis that directly rupture the target cells
28
Lymphocyte- like cells that nonspecifically destroy virus- infected cells and cancer cells
Natural Killer cells
29
A system that contains many sequentially-activated plasma proteins that circulate in blood stream in inactive form
Complement system
30
What are the ways the complement system can be triggered?
Alternate complement pathway and classical complement pathway
31
First component (C1) is activated directly by carbohydrate chains protruding from plasma membrane of foreign microbes
Alternate complement pathway
32
First component (C1) is activated by antibodies, which are attached to foreign material- part of the adaptive immune system
Classical compliment pathway
33
What does activation of Classical compliment pathway(C1) lead to?
formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) in the plasma membrane of a nearby invading microbe
34
B-cell receptors are specific for ________.
one type of antigen
35
What is a large molecule that triggers immune response in the body?
Antigen
36
What are T-dependent antigens?
They depend on assistance of helper t-cells to activate the B cell
37
What are T-independent antigens?
They directly activate B cells with no assistance from helper T cells
38
What happens when a B cell is activated?
-B cell multiplies and its clones differentiate into active plasma cells or dormant memory cells -Plasma cells produce and release massive amounts of antibody specific to the antigen
39
A theory in which the enormous array of B cells which different B-cells receptors is established during fetal development before exposure to antigens
Clonal selection Theory
40
What specifically leads to the diversity of B cell receptors?
during B-cell development, the fragments of DNA encoding B-cell receptors are cut, reshuffled, and spliced in many combinations across developing B cells
41
What leads to a greater response to secondary exposure to an antigen?
Memory cells
42
How does vaccination lead to a secondary response when exposed to an antigen?
deliberately exposing to a pathogen stripped of its disease-producing capabilities in order to form memory cells to the pathogen
43
T cells (the other type of lymphocyte) attack targets via direct contact
Cell-mediated immunity
44
B cells indirectly attack targets by labeling for destruction by innate immune system
Antibody-mediated immunity
45
What is similar between B and T cells? What's the main difference in their activation?
Similar: are specific to antigens, clone in response to activation, form a memory pool Difference: TCells only activate when foreign antigen is presented together with a self-antigen on the surface of a body cell...Self-antigen known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
46
What are the three types of T cells?
cytotoxic, helper, regulatory
47
Destroy host cells that present foreign antigen on their surface in conjunction with the MHC self-antigen (e.g., virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, transplanted cells)
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
48
What protein is released by Cytotoxic T cells and what does that protein do?
Perforin is released that forms large pores in the target cell leading to lysis
49
What is the main role of helper T cells?
secrete cytokines that augment nearly every aspect of immune system
50
What cell type does HIV target?
Helper T cells
51
What do regulatory T cells do?
suppress/moderate immune response
52
MHC glycoproteins found on all nucleated body cells, specifically recognized by cytotoxic T cells
Class 1 MHC glycoprotein
53
MHC glycoproteins found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, specifically recognized by helper T cells
Class 2 MHC glycoprotein
54
Phagocyte similar to macrophages, abundant in body tissues
Dendritic Cell
55
What does a dendritic cell do?
After engulfing foreign material, migrates to lymph nodes to present antigens along with class II MHC glycoproteins to helper T cells
56
If given a list of events, could you order the steps of cell-mediated immunity and/or antibody-mediated immunity?
1) The dendritic cell engulfs the virus-infected host cell. 2) The engulfed host cell and viruses are degraded by lysosomes inside the dendritic cell. 3) T-dependent antigens from the viruses are attached to Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and presented at the plasma membrane of the dendritic cell. 4) The combination of antigen and Class II MHC molecule is recognized by helper T cells that have T-cell receptors that match the antigen. 5) When linked, the dendritic cell releases cytokines that activate the helper T cell. 6) The activated helper T cell creates clones of itself, and releases cytokines that modulate many other aspects of the immune system. 7) Elsewhere, a B cell with a B-cell receptor selective for the same T-dependent, viral antigen binds to the antigen and displays it along with a Class II MHC molecule on the B cell's plasma membrane. 8) One of the helper T cells binds to the B cell's combination of antigen and Class II MHC molecule. 9) The helper T cell secretes cytokines that stimulate the B cell to produce clones of itself. 10) Most of the B cell clones transform into plasma cells, and a minority remain as memory cells. 11) The plasma cells produce and release large quantities of antibody against the original viral antigen.
57
mutation occurs within genes that regulate cell division and growth—leads to unrestricted multiplication of the cell
Tumor cell
58
recognition and destruction of new, potentially cancerous tumor cells by T cells
immune surveillance
59
slow growing tumor, doesn't infiltrate surrounding tissue
Benign tumor
60
fast growing tumor, infiltrates surrounding tissue
Malignant tumor
61
What does metastasis mean?
spreading (of cancer) to a secondary site
62
Which cells work together to prevent cancerous cells from multiplying? What do they secrete? How does that substance prevent cancer growth?
Cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and phagocytes work together to destroy cancer cells, and release interferon (that prevents cell multiplication)
63
antimicrobial peptides found in various bodily secretions
defensins
64
What are the two layers of the skin?
dermis and epidermis
65
Which lymphoctye is scattered throughout the layers of the skin?
T Cells throughout (in melanocytes, keratinocytes, Langerhans and Granstein)
66
produce the pigment melanin, which absorbs UV rays that could cause mutations in skin cells
Melanocytes
67
most abundant; specialize in keratin production; secrete cytokines that influence maturation of T cells in the skin
Keratinocytes
68
dendritic cells that present antigen to T cells
Langerhans cells
69
activate regulatory T cells to put an end to immune response
Granstein cells
70
What do sweat glands secrete?
Sweat glands secrete sweat for cooling evaporation
71
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebaceous glands secrete sebum for waterproofing
72
How do sweat glands and sebaceous glands relate to the immune system?
Both secretions contain chemicals toxic to bacteria

Physiology (9 decks)

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