Chapter 6: Motivation and Hunger Exam 2 Flashcards
What is motivation?
Factors that sustain and direct behaviors
What is homeostasis?
Balance within the body such as temperature, blood sugar, etc
Is motivation seen? Or is it in the brain?
Only seen and is not in the brain
What is the instinct theory of motivation?
All species have unlearned and automatic behavior
What is the drive theory motivation?
The body’s goal is to maintain homeostasis. If there is a drop then the body will seek for something to maintain balance again (or balance essentially)
What is the incentive theory of motivation?
When external stimuli are involved in order to gain something in return such as getting good grades in exchange for weekly allowance
What is the arousal theory of motivation?
Wanting to reach a certain level of satisfaction or feeling. Wanting to go do something or somewhere to reach a feeling
What is temperature regulated by?
The preoptic area of the hypothalamus
What are ectotherms?
Animals that cannot regulate their body temperature internally like lizards
What are endotherms?
Animals like mammals that keep their body temperature constant internally
What is osmotic thirst?
When the fluid content in cells decrease
What is hypovolemic thirst?
When blood volume drops due to extracellular water
What are the five tastes we detect?
salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami(meaty)
What is the reason for sweet?
carbohydrates
What is the reason for salty?
ions for neural transmission
What is the reason for sour?
spoiled or rotten food
What is the reason for bitter?
toxic chemicals
What is the reason for umami?
protein content
Where do the signals for these tastes travel to?
The insula and the nucleus of the solitary tract
What is sensory-specific satiety?
When one eats a food often to the point where it becomes unappealing
What is learned taste aversion?
When one no longer wants a specific food due to association of bad experiences like illness
What is learned taste preferences?
When one wants food due to needed nutrient
What is the absorptive phase?
When the body lives off nutrients coming in from the digestive system. Blood glucose levels and insulin secretions rise, take up glucose then glycogen and stored in fat)
What is the fasting phase?
When energy is restored. Lower glucose and insulin; Fat is broken down to acids
What is glucoprivic?
Low glucose
What is lipoprivic
Low fatty acids
When is ghrelin released?
When the stomach empties and one is hungry
How is eating initiated?
Eating is initiated by the paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus
What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is damaged?
Anorexia
When is eating stopped?
By the stretch receptor signal along the vagus nerve and CCK is released in the duodenum then signals the NST and then the hypothalamus
When is peptide YY (PYY) released?
Released in the intestines to the blood and inhibits NPY release
What is leptin?
A hormone that is secreted by fat cells and inhibits eating when there is an abundance of fat
What is a BMI of 30-39?
obese
What is a BMI of over 40?
morbidly obese
What are some of the risks of being obese?
Heart/organ problems, diabetes, strokes, and overall reduced lifespan
Is obesity voluntary or genetic?
Heritable as it is 50% heritable
How does obesity affect the brain?
Reduced temporal lobe and cognitive decline which can lead to Alzheimers
What is basal metabolism?
The energy required to fuel the body that varies by individual but generally is 1800 calories a day
What are some preventative measures for obesity?
Dieting, surgical procedure, and medication but this highly innefective
What is the percentage of women affected by anorexia and bulimia?
3%
What is anorexia nervosa?
A starving disease where people will restrict food intake and reduce calories. There are some purgers but not as common. Anorexics will be underweight
What is bulimia nervosa?
When an individual will binge on food and proceed to purge. There is no restriction on food and most overeat and maintain their weight.
What is low with bulimics?
Leptin
