Chapter 3: Central Nervous System Exam 2 Flashcards
What does the central nervous system include?
The brain and spinal cord
The bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called?
Tract
The group of cell bodies in the central nervous system is called?
nucleus
How does the central nervous system develop?
First develops as a hollow tube and then becomes the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
What does the central nervous system include?
brain, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord
What does the forebrain include?
The 2 brain hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalumus
What are the ridges of the brain called?
gyrus
What are the grooves of the brain called?
sulcus or fissure
The outer matter of the cortex is called?
gray matter
The inside matter of the cortex is called?
white matter
What is the gray matter comprised of?
neuronal cell bodies
What is the white matter comprised of?
myelinated axons
What does the frontal lobe include?
precentral gyrus for motor/voluntary movement, Broca’s area for speech, and prefrontal cortex
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Behavior, judgment/impulses , personality, and movement
What happens if the frontal lobe is damaged?
Lack of concentration/planning, impulsive behavior, and personality changes. Think about Phineas Gage
What did lobotomies do? What part was damaged?
Damage to the prefrontal cortex, specifically the connections between the frontal lobe and thalamus. Lobotomies caused individuals to have little to no interest, lack in concentration, and lacked emotional responses.
Where is the frontal lobe located?
Front of the head
What does the central sulcus separate?
Parietal Lobe and Frontal Lobe
What does the parietal lobe include?
The postcentral gyrus/somatosensory cortex(same thing) and association cortex
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Responsible for body movement/position, locating objects in space, and identifying objects by touch
What happens if the parietal lobe is damaged?
If the parietal lobe is damaged a person will have difficulty navigating places even if they knew them
What is posterior parietal cortex damage?
Neglect of objects, people, and activity on the right side. This condition usually goes unaware by person
Where is the parietal lobe located?
Above lateral fissure and between the central sulcus and occipital lobe
What does the temporal lobe include?
The auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, and inferior temporal cortex
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Language and auditory association areas, language comprehension, and visual identification
What happens if the temporal lobe is damaged?
Not able to understand words, identify auditory sounds, and not able to identify and recognize people and familiar objects
Where is the temporal lobe located?
By the lateral fissure between the frontal and parietal lobe
What does the occipital lobe include?
visual cortex
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
visual perception like color or movement
What happens if the occipital lobe is damaged?
Failure to see the movement of objects and see objects in general
Where is the occipital lobe located?
Back of the brain
What is the thalamus responsible for?
Receives information from all sensory information except smell and sends to the brain
Where is the thalamus located?
Below the lateral ventricles
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
Emotions and motivations like feelings, feeding, temperature (F), and sex
What is the pineal gland responsible for?
secrets melatonin
What is the corpus callosum responsible for?
Connecting both hemipsheres together to ensure communication
What is the function of the ventricles?
Secrete cerebrospinal fluid to cushion and protect the brain. Carries material from the blood vessels to the CNS and takes out waste.
What is hydrocephalus?
Too much cerebrospinal fluid
What is the midbrain responsible for?
vision, movement, and audition
What are the superior colliculi responsible for?
visual functions
What is the inferior colliculi responsible for?
auditory functions
What is the substantia nigra responsible for?
movement
What happens if the substantia nigra is degenerated?
Parkinson’s disease
Is the VTA apart of the midbrain?
Yes
What is the hindbrain made up of?
Medulla, pons, and cerebellum
What is the medulla responsible for?
Functions of the medulla regulate many bodily activities, including heart rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. vomiting, sneezing, and coughing
What is the pons responsible for?
Tear production, chewing, blinking, focusing vision, balance, hearing, and facial expression.
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance, and equilibrium
Where do sensory neurons go through?
The dorsal root
Where do the motor neurons go through
The ventral root
What do the meninges do?
Cushions the brain and spinal cord with the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater(in this order).
What is the blood-brain barrier?
Limits toxins and neurotransmitters between the brain and bloodstream
