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Psych 002 > Chapter 10: Vision and Visual Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Vision and Visual Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

How is light described as?

A

wavelengths

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2
Q

What are visible light ranges?

A

~300 to 800 nm

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3
Q

How many light receptors does the eye contain?

A

126 million

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4
Q

What is the visible light spectrum?

A

The adequate stimulus of light that makes up 1/70th of the electromagnetic spectrum

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5
Q

How does light travel?

A

Through oscillating waves similar to sound

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6
Q

What is the unit of measurement of light?

A

a nanometer

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7
Q

Does the wavelength of light determine what color we see?

A

yes

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8
Q

Where are the rods and cones found?

A

in the back of the retina

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9
Q

What are the photoreceptors of light?

A

The rods and cones

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10
Q

What does photopigment react with?

A

light

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11
Q

Where is rhodopsin found?

A

in the rods in the periphery of the retina

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12
Q

Where is iodopsin found?

A

in the cones, mostly fovea and surrounding area

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13
Q

What does iodopsin lead to?

A

a neural impulse

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14
Q

What is the function of rhodopsin?

A

Cannot distinguish color, is poor in detail, and is poor or not at all function in bright light. However, it is good for dim light.

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15
Q

What is the receptive field of rhodopsin?

A

Contributes to light sensitivity and is large due to convergence of ganglion cells

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16
Q

What is the function of iodopsin?

A

Distinguishes color, detail is good, and is good in bright light but not in dim light

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17
Q

What is there more of in the retina?

A

Rods

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18
Q

What is there more of in the fovea?

A

Cones

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19
Q

What is the order after light hits?

A

rods/cones>bipolar cell>ganglion cells

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20
Q

What is the function of the fovea?

A

Differentiate among different wavelengths of light like red, green, and blue

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21
Q

What is fovea known for?

A

the area for greatest visual acuity

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22
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

The area in the retina from which ganglion cells receive input

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23
Q

What is the visual field?

A

The part of the environment that is being registered in the retina

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24
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

the ability to distinguish details

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25
Q

What are amacrine and horizontal cells responsible for?

A

Connecting to ganglion cells to provide the ability to distinguish details in visual acuity

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26
Q

The receptive field of cones are?

A

small

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27
Q

The receptive fields for rods are?

A

large

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28
Q

Visual acuity is the greatest in?

A

The fovea

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29
Q

Where do neurons go when the rods and cones fire?

A

The optic nerve through the blind spot

30
Q

What is the receptive field of iodopsin?

A

Small, with few cones converging into one single ganglion cell that contributes to detail vision

31
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

a part of the brain where the optic nerves cross

32
Q

What is the retinal disparity?

A

A cue in order to perceive how far something is

33
Q

How is blindness caused?

A

Deterioration of visual receptor but neural structures are intact

34
Q

Can sight be restored?

A

Yes, through replacing receptors with an artificial retina

35
Q

What is the trichromatic theory?

A

The primary colors are red, green, and blue they can detect every color

36
Q

Who introduced trichromatic theory?

A

Young-Helmholtz

37
Q

What is opponent process theory?

A

The ability to process colors is controlled by receptors with opposing actions such red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white. This theory explains the color yellow but is not backed up by physiological studies

38
Q

Who introduced the opponent processing theory?

A

Hering

39
Q

What is the combined theory?

A

We only perceive three colors which are red, blue, and green which can allow the eye to see every color in the visible light spectrum

40
Q

Who introduced the combined theory?

A

Hurvich and Jameson

41
Q

What is the cause of color blindness?

A

Defects in the cone system

42
Q

What is form vision?

A

the detection of an object’s boundaries and features

43
Q

Cells that activate when light hits the center, but turn off when light hits the periphery are called?

A

on center, off surround

44
Q

What is Hubel and Wiesel’s theory?

A

receptive fields are not circular as they are in the LGN and instead there is simple and complex cells

45
Q

What does the nervous system use to exaggerate brightness and contrast the edge of an object?

A

lateral inhibition

46
Q

What is the function of simple cells?

A

cells that respond to edges and gratings

47
Q

How is the visual cortex organized?

A

retinotopic where it hits in the retina is where it hits in the visual cortex but does not explain form vision

48
Q

What is the function of complex cells?

A

Getting input from the simple cells and detects where something starts/ends and may know texture

49
Q

What is spatial frequency theory?

A

different cells have different sensitivities and detect edges and graduation changes

50
Q

What is modular processing?

A

Brain functions are in separate locations

51
Q

What is hierarchical processing?

A

information is processed by ascending different levels in the nervous system

52
Q

What is distributed processing?

A

process occurs across a wide area of the brain

53
Q

What is the parvocellular system?

A

ganglion cells are located in the fovea, are small and discriminate fine detail and color

54
Q

What is the magnocellular system?

A

ganglion cells are the in the periphery, large, fast on-fast-off, and brightness contrast and movement

55
Q

What is the ventral system in the visual system?

A

process what something is (parvocellular)

56
Q

What is the dorsal system in the visual system?

A

process where something is (magnocellular)

57
Q

What happens when there is damage to the ventral system?

A

you can see, reach for, walk around objects but can identify them

58
Q

What happens if there is damage to the dorsal stream?

A

you can identify objects but have trouble looking at, reaching for, and grasping objects

59
Q

What is the dorsal and ventral system managed by?

A

The prefrontal cortex where it manages information like the body and objects in memory and plans movement

60
Q

What are the vision systems used in the ventral system?

A

V1-V2 into V4 for color then the inferior temporal cortex for object recognition

61
Q

What are the vision systems used in the dorsal system?

A

V1 for orientation, movement, and retinal disparity, then V2 and V5 for movement then the posterior parietal cortex

62
Q

What is the function of the inferior temporal area?

A

object recognition like geometric figures, houses, hands, faces

63
Q

What is object agnosia?

A

the impaired ability to recognize objects visually

64
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

the impaired ability to visually recognize familiar faces

65
Q

Is there a genetic link to prosopagnosia?

A

Yes, with deficits in frontal and temporal lobes on small number of cases

66
Q

What is the damage of blindsight?

A

Damage to V1 that causes cortical blindness where individuals can react unconsciously without seeing anything

67
Q

What is color agnosia?

A

the loss ability to perceive colors

68
Q

What is movement agnosia?

A

the inability to perceive movement

69
Q

What is fusiform face area?

A

a region of the fusiform gyrus critical for face recognition

70
Q

What is visual word form area?

A

the inferior temporal cortex that responds to whole written words

Psych 002 (13 decks)

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