Chapter 11: The Body Senses and Movement Flashcards
The information of the body is called?
somatosenses
The skin senses are?
the conditions at body surface
Proprioception is?
body position and movement
The interoceptive system is?
internal organ sensations
The vestibular system is?
head position, movement, and balance
The four sensations are?
touch, warmth, cold, and pain. Possibly itch
What are free nerve endings?
processes at the end of dendrites that detect temperatures like heat and cold as well as pain.
What are the receptor types?
free nerve endings and encapsulated receptors
What are encapsulated receptors?
complex touch receptors that are capable of sensations like texture, movement, and stretching.
What is the function of the vestibular sense?
maintain balance and provides information about head position, orientation, and movement.
Where is the vestibular sense located?
near cochlea
What are semicircular canals?
three small tubes that detect movement in three dimensions
What is the function of the utricle and saccule?
Head position relative to gravity
How is the body divided into?
dermatomes
What are dermatomes?
areas of the body served by a single spinal nerve
What is the somatosensory cortex?
the parietal lobes posterior to the motor cortex that are organized somatotophically.
How many areas does the somatosensory cortex have?
4
What is the process of dermatomes?
Enters the spinal cord via spinal nerves, then the thalamus, and lastly, somatosensory cortex
Where does the secondary somatosensory cortex receive input?
Receives input from left and right primary somatosensory cortices and combined information from both sides of the body.
What are the detectors for the primary somatosensory cortex?
orientation, direction of movement, shape, and texture. Helps understand where pain is.
What is the function of the superficial receptors?
understand texture and fine detail
Where is the superficial receptors located?
top of the skin
Where is the deep receptor located?
under the skin
What is the function of deep receptors?
help perceive grasped objects
How is the secondary somatosensory cortex connected to the hippocampus?
Through meaning and reward where if one experiences something and fixes it (reward) then one remembers what to do in order to fix it next time
What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?
an association area that brings together body senses like vision and audition. Helps know where one is, where limbs are, and locate objects. Helps in posture as well as reaching and grasping objects
What happens if the posterior parietal cortex is damaged?
experiences out of body disorder and body integrity disorder, and neglect
What do the free nerve endings respond to when there is pain?
tissue damage, chemicals, and extreme pressure and temperature
What type of pain is C?
Dull pain that is small and unmyelinated fibers transmit slow and diffuse aching pain
What type of pain is A Delta?
immense and sharp pain that is large and myelinated fibers transmit immediatelt
What is substance P?
a neurotransmitter that is released by neurons that convey pain along glutamate.
How is pain relieved?
endorphins or opiates
How do local anesthetics work?
block sodium channels in pain neurons that reduce activity. Substance P cannot fire and induce pain
How do general anesthetics work?
shut the whole nervous system down
How do anti-inflammatory drugs work?
supress prostaglandins. Drugs include aspirin, ibuprofin and somewhat tylenol
How do opiates work?
decrease pain messages but lead to rapid tolerance and become addictive like morphine
What are endorphins?
chemicals that act as neurotransmitters in the brain and as hormones in the body that bind to opiate receptors and decrease pain
What are other ways in which endorphins are triggered?
physical stress, vaginal stimulation, and acupuncture
What does naloxone do?
block opiate receptors
What is gate control theory?
pressure triggers and inhibitory message and closes a neural “gate” in pain
What is congenital insensitivity to pain(CIPA)?
ability to feel no physical pain
How is congenital insensitivity caused?
gentic defect, loss of unmyelinated pain fibers, and elevated opioid levels
What is chronic pain?
pain that persists after healing period
What is phantom pain?
experienced pain in a missing limb or body part
How does phantom pain occur?
neurons from other body areas that are intact invade the area
What treatment is there for phantom pain?
prosthetics and mirror box
What is neuropathic pain?
damage to the cns or pns
What is nonciceptive pain?
hyperactive pain receptors
