Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders (Schizophrenia) Flashcards
What is the estimated cost of psychological disorders in the US per year?
$317 billion
How many people have a diagnosable illness in the US?
25%
What is the percentage of people that fall victim during their lifetime?
46%
What does schizophrenia mean?
“split mind” in German
What is schizophrenia?
a disorder that contains deficits in emotion, intellect, and perception along with the inability to distinguish what is reality and overall life
What is the percentage of people affected by schizophrenia?
1% where it is both equal in men and women
What is psychosis characterized in schizophrenia?
Perceptual, emotional, and intellectual deficits. Loss of contact with reality and inability to function in life
When do men show symptoms of schizophrenia?
during tween years and twenties
When do women show symptoms of schizophrenia?
A decade later during their 30’s
What are the acute symptoms of schizophrenia?
develop suddenly, more responsive to treatment, and the prognosis is reasonably good.
What are the chronic symptoms of schizophrenia?
Symptoms develop gradually that persist for a long time that have have poor prognosis
Is schizophrenia hereditary?
yes
What twin is more likely to develop schizophrenia?
Identical
What is the vulnerability model?
Some threshold in causal forces must be exceeded for illness to show itself. The threshold can be environmental factors that trigger genes.
What is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
exaggeration of symptoms
What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
hallucinations (sensory) and delusions (abnormal thought pattern)
What is a negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
absence or lack of normal behaviors
What are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
lack of motivation, attention, speech, and pleasure
What are cognitive impairments in memory in schizophrenia?
declarative and spatial memory deficits
What treatment is there for schizophrenia?
anti-dopamine drugs that are somewhat effective
How does treatment for positive symptoms react?
good
How does treatment for negative symptoms react?
poor
What are the negative side effects of anti-dopamine drugs?
mental impairment and loss of cells in the temporal lobe
Are the symptoms reversible for positive symptoms?
possibly
Are the symptoms reversible for negative symptoms?
no
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
There is excessive dopamine in the brain(high in the striatum). Usually, anti-dopamine drugs won’t help.
What are 1st gen antipsychotics?
Medication that is somewhat effective but leads to involuntary movements.
What are atypical antipsychotics?
Medication that targets D2 receptors and is less involuntary movements. Antipsychotics are the same or more effective than anti-dopamine drugs and help resistant cases.
What is the glutamate theory?
There is too little glutamate in the brain. Where PCP, mimics schizophrenia by inhibiting NMDA receptors
What is the treatment to the glutamate theory?
Increase glutamate through direct administration of glycine that decreases symptoms of schizophrenia
What are some brain abnormalities in schizophrenia?
Reduced gray matter and limbic area volume. Also, hypofrontality where communication is disrupted between the hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex
What are the changes in synchrony in the brain?
reduced white matter, impaired auditory gating, and hyperexcitability in sensory areas.
What helps with impaired auditory gating and negative symptoms?
nicotine
What percentage of schizophrenia patients smoke?
80%
What are some environmental origins or transmitter anomalies for schizophrenia?
brain damage, TBI, prenatal complications, stavation during pregnancy, and immune responses
What is the winter birth effect?
Babies who are born during winter and spring are more likely to develop schizophrenia compared to summer and fall babies. The effect is neurodevelopmental problems during neuron immigration in the temporal and frontal lobes. This is caused because of the higher rates of infections in winter/spring than summer/fall.
