Chapter 6 (Midterm) Flashcards
Human populations
total fertility rate (TFR)
average number of children born per woman
IPAT
(I=PAT); A model that calculates environmental impact (I) based on population size (P), affluence (A), and technology use (T).
demography
The statistical study of human populations.
crude birth rate
of births per 1,000 people
replacement fertility
The number children per female that survive to reproduction age and replace the two parents; usually considered as 2.1 after accounting for childhood death before the age of reproduction.
population momentum
Growth of a population due to an increase in the number of reproductive-age women who are having children.
crude death rate
of deaths per 1,000 people
Global TFR is…
declining
Family planning helps…
reduce TFR and limit growth
Life expectancy differs due to…
poor sanitation, insufficient medicine
Biological constraints to TFR
reproductive window for women, family planning, women’s rights, financial independence
Migration causes…
population to grow/decline regardless of birth/death rates
Cultural practices can…
affect population growth
Demographic Transition Model
1) Pre-industrial- high birth/death rates
2) Industrialization- general improvements in sanitation/healthcare availability, decline in death rate
3) Industrial- country mature, decline in birth rate
4) mature, no population growth
Incentives to relieve population growth
financial incentives, maternity leave (paid)
