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ENS > Chapter 10 Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Midterm 2 Flashcards

water

1
Q

first-order streams

A

Headwater streams with no upstream tributaries.

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2
Q

watershed

A

The land area where water collects and eventually empties into a body of water.

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3
Q

wetland

A

Land areas where soil is seasonally or permanently saturated with water.

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4
Q

estuary

A

A transition area between the land and sea where freshwater and saltwater intermix.

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5
Q

Mississippi delta

A

coastal wetland/estuary area

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6
Q

Oceans contain

A

97% of world’s water

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7
Q

Lakes examples

A

Great Lakes, Lake Pepin

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8
Q

Where is 69% of Earth’s freshwater stored?

A

in glaciers in Anarctica (90%), Greenland, Tibet, Washington, Alaska

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9
Q

How do glaciers impact weather patterns?

A

sunlight reflect off surface of glaciers, disperses into the atmosphere above glacier, warms up parcels of air and alters pressure/wind patterns
If melt completely, darker surface area exposed, absorb much more energy and warm readily

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10
Q

Groundwater makes up

A

94% of world’s liquid freshwater

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11
Q

How is groundwater a vital resource?

A

Supports network of connected freshwaters/provides vital source of water for households and industry

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12
Q

zone of aeration

A

Relatively shallow area of ground made of soil and air. Water percolates down through this zone before reaching the water table.

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13
Q

zone of saturation

A

Where groundwater resides, underneath the zone of aeration.

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14
Q

water table

A

The top of the groundwater in the zone of saturation.

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15
Q

Aquifer

A

accumulation of water in the ground because the water moving downward through soil comes in contact with clay or another nonporous material

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16
Q

Steps of the hydrologic cycle

A

Percolation of water from above through zone of aeration, moves to zone of saturation, top of this area is water table, when downward movement of water reaches clay or other nonporous material, water accumulates and forms aquifer

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17
Q

Percentages of water in the world

A

The majority of Earth’s water exists as saltwater in the oceans. Only approximately 3 percent is freshwater, and of this amount over 68 percent is locked in glaciers and ice sheets. Another 30 percent is within the ground, leaving less than 1 percent accessible as surface water in lakes, rivers, and swamps.

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18
Q

Why is water necessary for life?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, and other taxonomic groups need water to complete their basic metabolic processes

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19
Q

Water footprint is greater than we think because is does not include…

A

virtual water footprint

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20
Q

What does virtual water footprint include?

A

manufacturing, growing food, other businesses

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21
Q

How do we make sure aquifers aren’t depleted?

A

volume, and recharging rate of these aquifers is essential to make sure that the removal of their water does not exceed recharging rates

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22
Q

Bottled water is…

A

bad for the environment because it increases virtual water footprint

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23
Q

Irrigation is used in

A

agriculture (most), energy (nuclear, fracking, dams, steam in turbines for power plants), dyeing, bleaching, printing of textiles

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24
Q

Example of water overuse

A

overuse of Lake Mead in Las Vegas, Ogalla Aquifier

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25
Q

Who uses the most water in the world?

A

India

26
Q

We are losing water due to…

A

dams, levees, shipping canals

27
Q

levees

A

embankments for preventing flooding

28
Q

Why do levees cause problems?

A

reduce sediment load

29
Q

Why do shipping canals cause problems?

A

they have provided a route for saltwater to travel deep into the wetlands and disrupt wetland functions

30
Q

Why do dams cause problems?

A

reduce sedimentation rates in rivers and threaten wetlands, displace people (ex. Three Gorges Dam)

31
Q

water pollution

A

Any physical, biological, chemical, or radiological change in water that negatively affects the health and survival of humans or other organisms.

32
Q

water pollution includes

A

sewage, garbage, various forms of wastes, and radioactive materials, to heat

33
Q

pollution is more abundant in…

A

densely populated areas

34
Q

dilution is…

A

not a solution to pollution

35
Q

open defecation

A

defecation in the open because of little access to plumbing

36
Q

pesticides

A

cause runoff that pollute water

37
Q

algal blooms

A

A rapid population increase of algae, usually due to an over enrichment of nutrients.

38
Q

dead zone

A

Aquatic areas with low oxygen concentrations and few organisms; usually caused by bacteria decomposers consuming the majority of oxygen while breaking down masses of dead algal cells.

39
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

Eutrophication due to nutrients arising from human activities.

40
Q

organic waste causes…

A

typhoid, cholera, guinea worm disease, intestinal worm infestations, trachoma, and schistosomiasis in human populations

41
Q

organic and inorganic pollutants

A

BPA, pthalates, organic chlorides

42
Q

pthalates

A

Organic compound used to increase the flexibility of plastics; an endocrine disruptor.

43
Q

organic chlorides

A

Organic compounds used in pesticides, Teflon, and PVC pipes.

44
Q

inorganic pollutants

A

heavy metals, salts, and acids: hexavalent chromium, mercury, sodium chloride

45
Q

groundwater pollutants

A

nitrates, nitrites, (cause blue baby syndrome), atrazine

46
Q

thermal pollution

A

the release of artificially warm water into the environment

47
Q

legacy sediments

A

Sediments or soil structures that are the result of pioneering efforts of early settlers who deforested areas and constructed mill ponds.

48
Q

point sources

A

identifiable (Chimneys, pipes, wastewater treatment plants, factories, coal mines, and oil wells )

49
Q

non point sources

A

does not originate from discrete source (stormwater runoff from urban areas, and pesticide and nutrient runoff from farmlands.)

50
Q

6 types of water pollution

A

Open defecation, pesticides, excess nutrients, infectious waste, and inorganic/organic pollutants

51
Q

ocean pollution includes…

A

oil pollution and natural disasters

52
Q

how to reduce strain on water resources?

A

conserve/decrease water usage, desalination, wastewater treatment, legislation

53
Q

volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

A

A hazardous group of compounds used, for example, in paints and oils. They evaporate from these products and become gases in the atmosphere.

54
Q

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

A

A system controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency and used to regulate and prevent pollution discharge into navigable waters.

55
Q

desalination

A

Creating freshwater from saltwater.

56
Q

sewage treatment process

A

pretreatment, or screening out large debris, followed by
primary-Suspended solids and grease are removed
secondary- Bacteria added and aerated and break down dissolved organic matter.
tertiary treatments- chlorine or ultraviolet light kills any infectious agents

57
Q

humans composed of

A

70% water

58
Q

what happens to raindrops falling to earth?

A

–Some intercepted by vegetation and evaporated
–Some infiltrates permeable ground
–Some blocked by impermeable surfaces

59
Q

Field capacity

A

amount of water held by capillary forces

60
Q

What are the factors infiltration depends on?

A

Physical characteristics of soil
– Coarse soils = greater infiltration
rates
* Moisture content of soil
– Dry soils absorb more moisture
* Vegetation cover
– Dense cover prevents infiltration
* Nature of rainfall
– Strong and long storms cause run-off
– Run-off flows until it reaches a
stream or permeable soil or rock

61
Q

unconfined aquifer

A

groundwater recharged by surface water directly above it

62
Q

confined aquifer

A

stores groundwater between impermeable layers

ENS (11 decks)

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