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ENS > Chapter 11 (Final) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 (Final) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the atmosphere?

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

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2
Q

what does the troposphere contain (4)?

A

nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, air pollutants

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3
Q

what does the stratosphere contain?

A

the ozone layer

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4
Q

what does the ozone layer do?

A

absorbs 95% of UV radiation

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5
Q

pollutants in the ozone layer

A

supersonic transports, aerosol sprays, and nuclear weapons

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6
Q

what does the mesosphere do/temperature

A

protection zone against incoming small meteors/cold

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7
Q

what does the thermosphere do/temp

A

absorbs both X-rays and UV radiation from the sun/hot, home to ISS

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8
Q

exosphere

A

outermost layer of atmosphere

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9
Q

ozone

A

A gas (O3) located within the troposphere and stratosphere. It contributes to smog in the troposphere and absorbs 95 percent of ultraviolet radiation coming into the stratosphere

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10
Q

what gases maintain the earth’s temperature?

A

carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), water (H2O), and ozone (O3)

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11
Q

albedo

A

reflectivity on a surface on a scale of 0 to 1, the higher the albedo score, the greater the reflectivity

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12
Q

weather vs. climate

A

daily vs. long term

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13
Q

meteorology

A

study of the atmosphere

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14
Q

how weather cells work

A

https://resized-images.flatworldknowledge.com/shostell_1-31754/1600/shostell_1-31754-fig706.png

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15
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Movement of the air in large convection cells is deflected due to the force of the Earth’s spinning from west to east: wind belts

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16
Q

trade winds

A

air moving towards the equator

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17
Q

hurricanes

A

violent circulating windstorms; also known as a tropical cyclones.

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18
Q

El Niño

A

northeast trade winds weaken and the warm waters of the Pacific swash back to South America (warm)

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19
Q

Milankovitch cycles

A

Periodic wobbling of the Earth and a change in its axis tilt, in predictable incidences every 41,000 or 100,000 years.

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20
Q

anthropogenic GHG emissions….

A

magnify warming effect b/c surpass natural emissions

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21
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

traps greenhouse gases in atmosphere and keep from escaping into space, positive feedback cycle

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22
Q

GHGs released by society

A

CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases, carbon dioxide is most

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23
Q

origins of GHGs released by society

A

fossil fuels, fertilizers, manufacturing, consumer purchases

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24
Q

CO2 emissions from

A

Emissions from burning of fossil fuels in transportation, electricity, industry, residences

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25
Q

methane originates from

A

second most common/more warming potential: originates from landfills, agriculture (rice), livestock, natural gas

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26
Q

hadley cells

A

equator and 30 degrees N and S

27
Q

ferrel cells

A

between 30/60 degrees

28
Q

polar cells

A

between 60 and poles

29
Q

why are there deserts?

A

60 degree latitudes, descent of cool, dry air

30
Q

nitrous oxide from where/potency

A

laughing gas, 300 times warming power, third most abundant, agricultural sector

31
Q

fluorinated gases

A

most potent, developed as replacements for HCFCs, cooling equipment

32
Q

aerosols

A

solid/liquid particles in the atmosphere of natural/anthropogenic origin

33
Q

types of aerosols

A

sulfates/black carbon

34
Q

sulfates

A

reflecting ability

35
Q

black carbon

A

absorb solar radiation, contribute to climate change

36
Q

climate change effects (9)

A

global warming, ocean acidification, melting of ice sheets, flooding, changing of ocean currents, increase of storm events, heat waves, longer droughts, more precipitation

37
Q

thermal expansion

A

the expansion of volume due to warming; a significant cause of rising sea levels

38
Q

how will species distribution change?

A

poleward shift to too cold lands, lakes will decrease in size, depth, and number, larger, warmer, deeper oceans will offer new habitats

39
Q

ocean acidifcation

A

co2 reacts with water and forms carbonic acid, releases hydrogen ions/lowers pH

40
Q

urban heat island effect

A

Air temperatures are higher in cities relative to surrounding rural areas.

41
Q

natural pollutants

A

volcanoes, forest fires, the ground, ozone, sea spray, and dust storms

42
Q

acid rain

A

originates from the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into atmosphere upon combustion of fossil fuels, undergo chemical reactions to form sulfuric and nitric acid, fall back to Earth

43
Q

ozone holes why?

A

result of CFCs release from cooling/solvents/aerosol spray cans/Styrofoam puffing agents

44
Q

smog

A

A mixture of air pollutants including ozone due to fossil fuel combustion; originally considered as a combination of smoke and fog.

45
Q

air inversion

A

A layer of cold air near the ground becomes trapped by a layer of warmer air above.

46
Q

radon gas

A

An indoor toxin emanating from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil and bedrock. It enters buildings through drains and through cracks in foundations.

47
Q

how are weather patterns determined?

A

earth’s distance from the sun, tilt relative to rotational axis, distribution of water/landmasses on surface, composition of gasses in the atmosphere

48
Q

what does solar radiation do?

A

warms surface, drives hydrologic/biogeochemical cycles, produces climate

49
Q

how much of energy produced by sun reaches the Earth?

A

barely any

50
Q

when/what direction does the sun tilt towards the earth?

A

March-Sept = northern hemisphere, other is opposite

51
Q

differences in precipitation depend on…

A

amount of water in the atmosphere, equatorial uplift, geographic location, topographic features

52
Q

equatorial uplift

A

water evaporates from warm areas of the ocean

53
Q

rain shadow

A

dry on one side of mountain away from wind b/c of air temp. cooling as it rises, raining on the other side

54
Q

temp increase by 2100

A

2.0-5.5 C

55
Q

mitigation of climate change?

A

forests as carbon sinks, fuel economy of motor vehicles, separate and capture CO2 produced during fossil fuel combustion

56
Q

mitigation of rising sea level?

A

move settlements/seawalls, rivers channeled to prevent saltwater intrusion, find substitute crops, city planning

57
Q

greenhouse gas

A

absorbs infrared radiation

58
Q

Montreal protocol

A

50% reduction of CFC production by 1998, ozone continued

59
Q

acid deposition

A

sulfur dioxide/nitrogen oxide react with water vapor in the atmosphere that return to surface as either dry or wet deposition

60
Q

effects of acid deposition

A

thin-shelled eggs, decline in aquatic animal populations, forest decline

61
Q

atmosphere composition

A

78% nitrogen, 21% O2

62
Q

ecosystem services performed by atmosphere

A

protects Earth from most radiation, greenhouse gases absorb reradiated heat, atmosphere maintained by living organisms, cellular respiration/photosynthesis

63
Q

atmospheric convection

A

solar heating of ground causes air to warm, producing updraft of less dense, warm air

ENS (11 decks)

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