Chapter 6 Memory Systems

Question 1

Encoding Specificity

Answer 1

a cure is more likely to lead to the recall of a partiular item if the cue was initially encoded along with that item

Question 2

Episodic Memory

Answer 2

storage and retrieval of temporary dated, spatially located, and personally experienced events or episodes (tulving) Does not emerge until 4-6 years old (infantile amnesia)

Question 3

Semantic Memory

Answer 3

Storage and utilization of knowledge about words and concepts, their properties and interrelations (tulving) Children have these capabilities much sooner

Question 4

Recency vs primary biases

Answer 4

a tendency to recall experiences from recent past versus a tendency to recall experiences from the relatively distant past

Question 5

Procedural Memory

Answer 5

underlies learned skills, such as riding a bike, playing musical instrument, or even reading…tacit and explicit knowledge (Anderson)

Question 6

Tacit knowledge

Answer 6

Knowing how to do something without being able to say exactly what it is that you know (I can ride a bike even though I can’t tell you how to do it)

Question 7

Explicit knowledge

Answer 7

Knowing that something is the case (explaining how to ride the bike)

Question 8

Anoetic

Answer 8

non knowing. procedural memory falls under this category of consciousness

Question 9

Noetic

Answer 9

knowing. semantic memory falls under this category of consciousness

Question 10

autonoetic

Answer 10

self knowing. episodic memory falls under this category of consciousness

Question 11

Prefrontal Leucotomy

Answer 11

(lobotomy) where connections between the prefrontal loves and other parts of the brain were severed - for patients who ruminated excessively about themselves and their problems

Question 12

Cronesthesia

Answer 12

Our subjective sense of time

Question 13

Remembering vs Knowing

Answer 13

remembering for autonomic experiences, knowing for others

Question 14

Butcher on the bus phenomenon

Answer 14

the feeling of knowing a person without being able to remember the circumstances of any previous meeting or anything else about him or her

Question 15

Implicit Memroy

Answer 15

memory without episodic awareness; the expression of previous experience without conscious recollection of the prior episode (Schacter)

Question 16

Method of Opposition

Answer 16

pits conscious (explicit) and unconscious (implicit) tendencies against one another (hard to try not to do something)

Question 17

Perceptual Representation System

Answer 17

PRS - a memory system containing very specific representations of events that is hypothesized to be responsible for priming effects

Question 18

Generic recall

Answer 18

Explains the gap or the tip of the tongue phenomenon where we know the word is similar or different in some ways to other words, what it starts with or syllables it has

Question 19

Teachable language comprehender

Answer 19

a computer program that is a model of semantic memory (Quillian)

Question 20

Mental Chronometry

Answer 20

Measuring how long cognitive processes take

Question 21

Moses Illusion

Answer 21

tendency to answer the question how many animals of each kind did moses take on the ark, with two. either because you assume that the person who posed the question meant to say noah rather than moses, or because you didn’t notice the error (similar to, what country was margaret thatcher the president of, with england, even though she was prime minister

Question 22

Spreading activation

Answer 22

the idea that activation of the paths that make up a semantic network spreads from the node at which the search begins

Question 23

Lexical decision task

Answer 23

a task requiring participants to determine if a presented string of letters is a word or not - primed words easier because of spreading activation theory

Question 24

Involuntary semantic memory

Answer 24

a semantic memory that pops into your mind without episodic context (mind popping)

Question 25

Working Memory

Answer 25

temporary storage and manipulation of information that is assumed to be necessary for a wide range of complex cognitive activities (Baddeley) short term memory

Question 26

Central executive

Answer 26

Component of working memory that coordinates information from among the three subsystems (visuo-spacial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop)

Question 27

visuo-spacial sketchpad

Answer 27

can interact with long term memory, non verbal information

Question 28

Phonological loop

Answer 28

can interact with long term memory, linguistic inofmraton

Question 29

episodic buffer

Answer 29

mechanism that moves information to and from episodic and long-term memory

Question 30

fluid systems

Answer 30

cognitive processes that manipulate information

Question 31

crystallized systems

Answer 31

cognitive systems that accumulate long term knowledge

Question 32

Logogens

Answer 32

units containing the information underlying our use of a word; the components of the verbal system