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Psyco 258 > Chapter 3-Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Perception Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

The processing of sensory information in such a way that it produces conscious experiences and guides action in the world

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1
Q

Blindsight

A

A condition in which patients with damage to the primary visual cortex are able to make accurate judgements about objects presented to their blind area even though they report to no conscious experience of the objets and believe they are only guessing

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The process of transforming information into one or more forms of representation

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3
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

An inability to identify objects visually even though they can be identified using other senses

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4
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

AKA unconscious perception, it occurs when an observer is unaware of percieving a stimulus, yet the stimulus can still have an impact on his or her behavior

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5
Q

Stimulus

A

An entity in the external environment that can be percieved by an observer

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6
Q

Limen

A

Threshold

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7
Q

Backward Masking

A

presenting a stimulus, called the target, to the participant an then covering, or masking, the target with another stimulus

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8
Q

Stimulus onset asynchrony

A

The temporal delay between the first stimulus and a masking stimulus

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9
Q

Priming

A

The tendency for some initial stimuli to make subsequent responses to realted stimuli more likely

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10
Q

Direct vs indirect measures

A

Participants’ reports that they have seen a stimulus, as opposed to the effects of an undetected stimulus on a subsequent task

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11
Q

Dissociation Paradigm

A

experimental strategy designed to show that it is possible to percieve stimuli in the absence of any conscious awareness of them

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12
Q

Perception without awareness

A

A stimulus has an effect even though it is below the participant’s subjective threshold of awareness

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13
Q

Objective and Subjective thresholds

A

the point at which participants can detect a stimulus at a chance level versus the point at which they say they did not percieve it

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14
Q

Process Dissociation Procedure

A

Experimental technique that requires participants not to respond with items they have observed previously

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15
Q

Implicit perception

A

effect of person’s experience, thought, or action of an object in the current stimulus environment in the absence of, or independent of, conscious perception of that event

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16
Q

Percept

A

The visual experience of sensory information

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17
Q

Theory of ecological optics

A

the proposition that perception is based on direct contact of the sensory organs with stimulus energy emenating from the environment and that an important goal of perception is action

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18
Q

Ambient Optical Array

A

All the visual information that is present at a particular point of view

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19
Q

Gradient of texture density

A

Incremental changes in the pattern on a surface, which provide information about the slant of the surface

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20
Q

Topological Breakage

A

The discontinuity created by the intersection of two textures

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21
Q

Scatter-Reflection

A

The degree to which light scatters when reflected from a surface

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22
Q

Transformation

A

In the theory proposed by Gibson, the change of optical information hitting the eye when the observer moves through the environment

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23
Q

optic flow field

A

the continually changing pattern of information that results from the movement of either objects or the observer through the environment

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24
Q

Pattern Recognition

A

The ability to recognize an event as an instance of a particular category of event

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25
Q

Memory Trace

A

The trace that an experience leaves behind in memory

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26
Q

Hoffding Function

A

The process whereby an experience makes contact with a memory trace, resulting in recognition

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27
Q

Prototypical

A

Representative of a pattern or category

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28
Q

Template-matching theory

A

The hypothesis that the process of pattern recognition relies on the use of templates or protoypes

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29
Q

Multiple trace memory model

A

Traces of each individual experience are recorded in memory. No matter how often a particular kind of event is experienced, a memory trace of the individual event is recorded each time

30
Q

Probe

A

A snapshot of information in primary memory that can activate memory traces in secondary memory

31
Q

echo

A

when a probe goes out from primary to secondary memory, memory traces are activated to the extent that they are similar to the probe

32
Q

Feature detection theory

A

Detecting patterns on the basis of their features or properties

33
Q

pandemonium

A

a model of pattern recognition consisteing of three levels, data, cognitive demons, and decision demons

34
Q

Feature

A

a component or characteristic of a stimulus

35
Q

Cognitive demon

A

a feature detector in the pandemonium model that decides whether the stimulus matches its pattern

36
Q

decision demon

A

a feature detector in the pandemonium model that determines which pattern is being recognized

37
Q

Contrast energy

A

the relative ease with which a stimulus can be distinguished from the background against which it is displayed

38
Q

Squelching

A

the tendency of the nervous system to inhibit the processing of unclear features

39
Q

Recognition by components

A

the thoery that we recognize objects by breaking them down into their fundamental geometric shapes

40
Q

Geons

A

the set of 36 basic three dimensional shapes from which all real world objects can be constructed

41
Q

Context Effects

A

The influence of proximate stimuli and the situation on the perceptual experience of a stimulus

42
Q

Moon Illusion

A

the tendency for the moon to appear different in size depending on where it is in the sky

43
Q

Apparent distance theory

A

An explanation for the moon illusion; it posits that the moon on the horizon appears larger because distance cues lead the observer to percieve it as being farther away than the zenith moon

44
Q

Jumbled Word Effect

A

The ability to raed wrdos in steences dseptie hvinag mexid-up ltteers in teh mldddie of smoe of the wrods

45
Q

Word superiority effect

A

It’s easier to identify a letter if it appears in a word than if it appears alone

46
Q

Parallel Distributed Processing

A

A model of perception according to which different features are processed at the same time by different units connected together in a network

47
Q

Empirical Theory of Color Vision

A

The theory that colour perception involves not only the processing of wavelengths of light but also the processing of prior experiences with the way different surrounding objects and different lighting conditions affect the appearance of objects

48
Q

McGurk Effect

A

Auditory experience of the syllable “da” when seeing a mouth silently saying “ga” while at the same time hearing a voice saying “ba”

49
Q

Top Down Influences

A

te influence of context and an observer’s knowledge, expectations, and high level goals on perceptual experience

50
Q

Bottom up influences

A

The influence of the stimulus on the resulting perceptual experience

51
Q

Change blindness

A

failure to consciously detect an obvious change in a scene

52
Q

Grand Illusion of Perception

A

the illusion that what we see in our visual field is a clear and detailed picture of the world

53
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A

before we can attend to objects in the world we must extract the features that constitute them

54
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A

Before we can atend to objects in the world we must extract the features that constitute tem

55
Q

Preattentive Processing

A

The unconscious extraction of features that must take place before we can perceive an object

56
Q

Feature binding

A

the combining of visual features to form whole objects; a process that takes place when attention is directed at a particular location

57
Q

Perceptual completion

A

the incorrect impression that a stimulus occupies a section of the visual scene when in fact it occupies only the surrounding region

58
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that focuses on wholes as opposed to parts

59
Q

Bi-Stable figures

A

Images from which two separate percepts can be formed

60
Q

Holistic

A

Focusing on the whole configuration of an object

61
Q

Atomistic

A

focusing on the features or components of objects

62
Q

Grouping

A

The combination of individual elements to form a perceptual whole

63
Q

Organizational principles

A

The rules that govern how whole objects or events are percieved from a collection of individual elements

64
Q

Principle of experience

A

visual elements are grouped together based on the prior experience and knowledge of the observer

65
Q

Figure ground segmentation

A

Perceptual organization of a scene such that one element becomes the foreground(figure) and the other elements become the background(ground)

66
Q

Denotivity

A

the degree to which an object is meaningful and familiar to an individual observer

67
Q

Principle of Proximity

A

Visual elements that are close to one another are grouped to form a whole

68
Q

Principle of closed forms

A

Visual elements that form the edges of closed shapes are grouped to form a whole

69
Q

Principle of good contour

A

Visual elements that form the most direct continuation of each other are grouped together

70
Q

Principle of Similarity

A

Visual elements that are similar are grouped together

71
Q

Principle of Common Movement

A

Visual elements that move simultaneously and in the same way are grouped to form a whole

72
Q

Ceteris Paribus

A

latin phrase meaning: other things being equal

73
Q

Gestaltist’s error

A

assumption that whole objects will always dominate over the elements of an image

Psyco 258 (7 decks)

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