Chapter 5- Remembering

Question 1

Memory Traces

Answer 1

theory supposes that memories are discreet packets containing specific details about events we encounter-we can conceptualize memory as a series of snapshots

Question 2

Decay vs interference

Answer 2

do memories decay like fruits? or are they replaced by new memories?

Question 3

Short term forgetting

Answer 3

information presented just before a distraction tends to be forgotten easily

Question 4

Brown-Peterson Paradigm

Answer 4

looks at short term forgetting-regardless of if its a word, or series of letters.

Question 5

Aging research

Answer 5

performance on tasks like brown peterson paradigm-each name has inherently less context-30 bobs, vs a young person knowing only 5 bobs

Question 6

Support for trace decay

Answer 6

Brown peterson paradigm; despite not overloading participants’ short term memory capacity, knowledge is systematically lost over time

Question 7

mystic writing pad model

Answer 7

a model of memory based on a toy writing tablet that retains fragments of old messages even after they have been erased. In time, these fragments accumulate and begin to overlap, so that they become increasingly hard to read

Question 8

Reappearance Hypothesis

Answer 8

same memory can reappear, unchanged, again and again

Question 9

Flashbulb memories

Answer 9

vivid detailed memories of signficant events

Question 10

Now Print! theory

Answer 10

Especially significant experiences are immediately photocopied and preserved in long term memory

Question 11

Consolidation theory

Answer 11

classic theory that memory traces of an event are not fully formed immediately after that event, but take some time to consolidate

Question 12

Retroactive interference

Answer 12

A decline in the recall of one event as a result of a later event

Question 13

Reconsolidation

Answer 13

hypothetical process whereby a memory trace is revised and reconsolidated

Question 14

Method of repeated reproduction

Answer 14

one participant is given multiple opportunities to recall a story over time

Question 15

Method of serial reproduction

Answer 15

one participant writes down what he or she can recall of a previously read story. A’s version is given to a second participant (B) who reads it and then tries to reproduce it, B’s version is given to C, so on

Question 16

Rationalization

Answer 16

the attempt to make memory as coherent and sensible as possible

Question 17

Schema (bartlett)

Answer 17

an active mass of organized past reactions that provides a setting that guides our behavior

Question 18

Body schema

Answer 18

also known as body image; schematic representation of his or her body, what allows us to move around successfully in the world

Question 19

Penfield Homunculus

Answer 19

A map of the sensory cortex that shows where the various parts of the body are represented; the size of each part is proportional to the area of the cortex that represents it

Question 20

Selection

Answer 20

the hypothesis that we select informatoin both as we recieve it and as we recall it

Question 21

Abstraction

Answer 21

The hypothesis that we tend to remember only rhe gist, not the specifics, of what we experience

Question 22

Interpretation

Answer 22

hypothesis that we interpret information by making infrerences, and then remember the inferences as part of the orginal

Question 23

Integration

Answer 23

the hypothesis that we abstract the meaning of an ebent and then put that meaning togethernwith the rest of our knowledge to form a coherent, consistent whole

Question 24

misinformation effect

Answer 24

hypothesis that misleading post-event information can become integrated with memory for the original event

Question 25

source monitoring framework

Answer 25

a theory of the reason people sometimes fail to distinguish between a real and an imagined event

Question 26

Script

Answer 26

a series of expectations concerning actions and events that are appropriate in a particular situation

Question 27

Life script

Answer 27

A cultural narrative that guides autobiographical memories and prescribes the age norms for important events in an individual’s life

Question 28

levels of processing

Answer 28

a continuum that ranges from registering an event purely in terms of its physical characteristics to analyzing it in terms of its relationship to other things that you know

Question 29

Elaboration

Answer 29

Adding to or enriching information by relating it to other information

Question 30

Distinctiveness

Answer 30

The precision with which an item is encoded

Question 31

Specific and general levels of representation

Answer 31

As people age they tend to forget specific details but to remember deeper more general meanings

Question 32

Lab based approach to memory research

Answer 32

An approach that emphasizes controlled laboratory as opposed to real world research in the search for general principles

Question 33

Nonsense syllables

Answer 33

Nonsense words consisting of a consonant followed by a vowel followed by a consonant

Question 34

Forgeting curve

Answer 34

Ebbinghaus’s findings that the rate at which information is forgeotten is greatest immediately after the information has been acquired, and declines more gradually over time

Question 35

Jost’s law of forgetting

Answer 35

of two memory traces of equal strength, the younger trace will decay faster than the older one

Question 36

Ribot’s law of retrograde amnesia

Answer 36

older memories are less likely to be lost a s a results of brain damage than are newer memories

Question 37

Law of progressions and pathologies

Answer 37

a “last in, first out” principle referring to the possibility that the last system to emerge is the first to show the effects of degeneration

Question 38

Ecological approach to the study of memory

Answer 38

An approach that emphasizes real world complexities in its investigations to discover general principles

Question 39

Permastore

Answer 39

Bahrick’s term fir the state of relative permanence in which he found that some kinds of memory can be retained over very long periods of time