Chapter 6 - Long-Term Memory

Question 1

Division

Answer 1

• distinguishing between different types of memory (ex. STM and LTM)

Question 2

Interaction

Answer 2

• refers to the fact that different types of memory can interact and share mechanisms

Question 3

Serial Position Curve

Answer 3

• studies the distinction between STM and LTM
• presenting a list of words to a participant and asking them to write down all the words they remember after the last one was shown, in any order
• indicates memory is better for words at the beginning and end of list and not so much for words in the middle

Question 4

Serial position curve

Primacy effect

Answer 4

• finding that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of the word sequence
• participants had time to rehearse at the beginning

Question 5

Serial position curve

Recency effect

Answer 5

• better memory for the stimuli presented at the end of a sequence
• those words are still in STM

Question 6

Coding

Answer 6

• the form in which stimuli are represented
• transforming sensory input into a form that the brain can store and retrieve later

Question 7

Mental approach to coding

Answer 7

• investigating how a stimulus or experience is represented in the mind

Question 8

Visual coding

Answer 8

• coding in the mind in the form of a visual image
• ex. remembering faces
• how visual stimuli is processed and stored

Question 9

Auditory coding

Answer 9

• coding in the mind in the form of a sound
• ex. listening to music in your head
• ex. repeating a phone number over and over

Question 10

Semantic coding

Answer 10

• coding in the mind in terms of meaning
• remembering something that happened (often in LTM)
• sensory input that has a specific meaning

Question 11

semantic coding in STM

Proactive interference

Answer 11

• the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information

Question 12

Release from proactive interference

Answer 12

proactive interference: older memories interfere with the recall of new information
ex. learning a list of fruits then learning another list of fruits (the first list may interfere and make it harder to remember the second list)

release: if the second list is something significantly different from the first (ex. fruits and types of tools) then there likley won’t be an interference because you won’t get the 2 confused

Question 13

Recognition memory

Answer 13

• identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier

Question 14

What is the predominant type of coding in STM

Answer 14

auditory (most useful)

Question 15

What is the most likely form of coding for LTM

Answer 15

semantic (gives meaning and helps us remember things that happen)

Question 16

What brian region helps form long-term memories

Answer 16

the hippocampus helps transfer memories from STM to LTM

Question 17

Tulving - property of episodic memory

Mental time travel

Answer 17

• the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past

Question 18

what is a characteristic of semantic memory?

Answer 18

• accessing knowledge doesn’t have to involve tying it to personal experiences

Question 19

what are 2 ways that episodic and semantic memories are connected?

Answer 19

1. knowledge (semantic) affects experience (episodic)
2. autobiographical memory - memories of our lives that can include both

Question 20

Autobiographical memory

Answer 20

• memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components
• helps create a narrative for our life because we remember facts, emotional experiences, locations, etc.

Question 21

personal semantic memory

Answer 21

• semantic components of autobiographical memories
• facts associated with personal experience (ex. the coffee shop is our favourite one)

Question 22

remember/know procedure

Answer 22

remember: episodic (specific details ex. context, time, place)

know: semantic (recognizing something but not remembering the context)

Question 23

semanticization of remote memories

Answer 23

• loss of episodic detail for memories of long-ago events
• memories often lose detailed context-specific features and become more of an abstract thought

Question 24

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Answer 24

• episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events

Question 25

Explicit memories

Answer 25

• memories we are aware of
• recall that involves conscious recollections of events or facts we have learned in the past

Question 26

Implicit memories

Answer 26

• memories we aren’t aware of
• recall that occurs when learning from an experience is not accompanied by conscious recall of it

Question 27

Implicit memories

Procedural memory/skill memory

Answer 27

• memory for things that usually involve learned skills
• ex. grammar - may not remember learning it but you understand it
• enable us to do certain things without having to think about it

Question 28

expert-induced amnesia

Answer 28

• the fact that well-learned procedural memories don’t require attention
• amnesia because experts at a skill can do it so automatically that they often don’t know they did it

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

• when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus

Question 30

Repetition priming

Answer 30

• when the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus
• ex. reese’s billboard

Question 31

what kind of memory does repetition priming use?

(implicit or explicit)

Answer 31

• implicit memory
• priming effect can occur without someone’s knowledge (reese’s)

Question 32

Propaganda effect

Answer 32

• form of implicit memory (operates when people aren’t aware of it)
• happens when participants are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply because they have been exposed to them before

Question 33

Classical conditioning

Answer 33

• when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus

Question 34

Episodic memory

Answer 34

• recall for specific experiences from the past

Question 35

remember/know procedure

Answer 35

• familiarity and recollection measurements of memory