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Cognitive Psych > Chapter 2 - Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The study of the physiological (biological) basis of cognition (attention, perception, memory)

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2
Q

Levels of Analysis

A
  • idea that a topic can be studied in different ways
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3
Q

Neurons

A
  • create and transmit information about what we experience and know
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4
Q

Nerve Net

A
  • a network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers
  • doesn’t stop sending signals
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5
Q

Neuron doctrine

A
  • non-continuous, individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system
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6
Q

cell body

A
  • center of the neuron
  • keeps the cell alive
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7
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receive signals from other neurons
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8
Q

axons (nerve fibers)

A
  • transmit signals to other neurons
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9
Q

Synapse

A
  • small gap between the end of a neuron’s axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron
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10
Q

neural circuit

A
  • groups of interconnected neurons that are responsible for processing
  • neurons aren’t automatically connected to other neurons - they are selective
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11
Q

receptors

A
  • neurons specialized to pick up information from the environment (ex. eye, ear, skin)
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12
Q

resting potential

A
  • difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when the fiber is at rest (no other electrical signals are present)
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13
Q

nerve impulse (action potential)

A
  • electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon (nerve fibre)
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14
Q

action potential

A
  • travel down a neuron’s axon
  • electrical potential responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons
  • firing and then going back to resting state
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15
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials

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16
Q

What can cause an increase in the rate of nerve firing

A
  • increased stimulus intensity (ex. more pressure on someone’s skin)
  • when nerve impulses are crowded tightly together, the sensation is more intense
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17
Q

What is the principle/idea of neural representation?

A
  • everything a person experiences is based on representation in the person’s nervous system
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18
Q

Feature detectors

A
  • neurons that respond to specific stimulus features such as orientation, movement, and length
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19
Q

experience-dependent plasticity

A
  • structure of the brain is changed by experience
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20
Q

what do neurons in the temporal lobe respond to?

A
  • complex geometrical stimuli
  • faces
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21
Q

what do neurons in the visual cortex respond to?

A
  • simple stimuli
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22
Q

hierarchical processing

A
  • processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain
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23
Q

sensory coding

A
  • how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment
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24
Q

specificity coding

A
  • idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object
  • this idea is unlikley to be correct
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25
Q

population coding

A
  • representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons
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26
Q

sparse coding

A
  • occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent
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27
Q

what is the difference between representation of perceptions vs of memories?

A

perceptions: neural firing is associated with the stimulus that is present

memories: neural firing is associated with information about the past that has been stored in the brain

28
Q

basic principles of brain organization

localization of function

A
  • specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain
29
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A
  • wrinkled covering of the brain
30
Q

neuropsychology

A
  • the study of the behaviour of people with brain damage
31
Q

cortical equipotentiality

A
  • early 1800s
  • idea that the brain operated as an invisible whole as opposed to specialized areas
32
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • in the frontal lobe
  • speech production
33
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • a condition associated with damage to Broca’s area, in the frontal lobe, characterized by laboured ungrammatical speech and difficulty in understanding some types of sentences
34
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • in the temporal lobe
  • language comprehension
35
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • a condition, caused by damage to the area, that is characterized by difficulty in understanding language, and fluent, grammatically correct but incoherent speech
  • struggle to match words with their meanings
36
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • where the visual cortex is located
37
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • responsible for perceptions of touch, pressure, and pain
38
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • receives signals from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses
  • thinking and problem solving
39
Q

prosopagnosia

A
  • inability to recognize faces
40
Q

double dissociation

A
  • procedure that compares 2 people with complimentary damages to their brains (ex. 1 broca, 1 wernicke)
  • demonstrates that those 2 areas aren’t linked together and are actually separate areas (ex. speech production and language comprehension come from 2 different areas)
41
Q

fMRI

A
  • follows blood flow
  • produces a map
42
Q

fusiform face area (FFA)

A
  • an area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces
43
Q

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A
  • an area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes
44
Q

extrastriate body area (EBA)

A
  • and area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects
45
Q

multidimentional nature of cognition

A
  • even simple experiences involve combinations of different qualities (ex. looking at a face is not just a face, there are also emotional factors you recognize, etc)
46
Q

distributed representation

A
  • occurs when a specific cognition activates many areas of the brain
47
Q

episodic memories

A
  • memories for events in a person’s life
48
Q

Neural networks

A
  • interconnected areas of the brain that can communicate with each other
49
Q

semantic memories

A
  • memories for facts
50
Q

structural connectivity

A
  • the brain’s “wiring diagram”
  • created by nerve axons that connect different brain areas
51
Q
A
52
Q

structural connectivity

A
  • the brain’s “wiring diagram”
  • created by nerve axons that connect different brain areas
53
Q

structural connectivity

track-weighted imaging (TWI)

A
  • based on the detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers
54
Q

connectome

A
  • structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain
55
Q

functional connectivity

A
  • the extent to which the neural activity in separate brain areas is correlated with each other
  • if the responses of 2 brain areas are correlated, they are “functionall connected”
56
Q

testing functional connectivity

resting-state fMRI

A
  • fMRI measured while someone is sleeping
  • has become one of the main methods
57
Q

resting-state funtional connectivity

A
  • a method for determining functional connectivity that involves determining the correlation between the resting-state fMRI in separated structures
58
Q

Default mode network (DMN)

A
  • network of structures that are active when a person is not involved in specific tasks
  • when DMN is active, people’s minds tend to wander (because your brain switched from task-related networks to your DMN)
59
Q

action potential

A

impulse responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons

60
Q

receptor

A

specialized neural structure that responds to environmental stimuli, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli

61
Q
A

Specificity coding

62
Q
A

Population coding

63
Q
A

Sparse coding

64
Q

cortical organization

Phrenology

A
  • idea that different parts of your brain are different parts of your personality
65
Q

Distributive representation

A
  • characteristic of the brain in which looking at a face activates many areas
66
Q

Connectome

A
  • structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain
67
Q

Voxel

A
  • small cube shaped area in the brain used in analyzing data from brain scanning experiments

Cognitive Psych (7 decks)

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