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Cognitive Psych > Chapter 4 - Attention > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

object perception

Feature integration theory (FIT)

A
  • proposes a sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object
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2
Q

Cukur

Attentional warping

A
  • the map of categories on the brain changes so more space is allocated to categories that are being searched for
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3
Q

FIT

Focused attention stage

A
  • attention ‘glues’ the features together
  • independent features are combined, causing perception of the object
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4
Q

Posner

Spotlight model

A
  • attention is like a spotlight that improves processing when directed toward a particular location
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5
Q

studying binding

Conjunction search

A
  • searching among distractors for a target that involves two or more features ex. horizontal and green
  • involves scanning a display in order to focus attention at a specific location
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6
Q

top-down

Scene schemas

A
  • an observers knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes
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7
Q

Treisman

attenuation model of attention

A
  • language and meaning can be used to separate messages
  • prioritizes certain things instead of eliminating others
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8
Q

Attention

A
  • the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations
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9
Q

Attention maps

A
  • directing attention to a specific area activates a specific area of the brain
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10
Q

Attentional capture

A
  • a rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement
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11
Q

Attenuator

A
  • analyzes incoming messages in terms of:
    1. physical characteristics (high/low pitched, fast/slow)
    2. language (how it groups into syllables or words)
    3. meaning (how sequences of words create meaningful phrases)
  • weakens unattended info instead of eliminating it entirely
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12
Q

Automatic processing

A

type of processing that occurs
1. without intention
2. at a cost of only some of a person’s cognitive resources

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13
Q

Balint’s syndrome

to describe illusory conjunctions and FIT

A
  • inability to focus attention on individual objects
  • according to FIT: lack of focused attention would make it difficult for someone to combine features properly
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14
Q

Binding

A
  • the process by which features such as colour, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object
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15
Q

Binding problem

A
  • question of how an object’s individual features become bound together
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16
Q

Broadbent’s filter model of attention

A
  • early selection model
  • eliminates info right at the filter stage and some info doesn’t make it to the meaning stage
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17
Q

Central vision

A
  • the area you’re looking at
  • objects fall on the fovea in the retina
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18
Q

Change blindness

A
  • difficulty in detecting changes in scenes
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19
Q

Change detection

A
  • lack of attention can affect perception
  • tested: one picture is presented, followed by another, and someone is asked to report the differences between the two
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20
Q

Cocktail party effect

A
  • the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
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21
Q

in movies

Continuity errors

A
  • changes that occur from one scene to another that don’t match (ex. a character reaches for a croissant that suddenly changes to a pancake)
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22
Q

Covert attention

A
  • shifting attention while keeping the head still
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23
Q

Detector

A
  • mechanism which processes information to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning
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24
Q

Dichotic listening

A
  • presenting different stimuli to the left and right ears
  • asked to focus on the attended ear and repeat what was heard (shadowing)
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25
Q

attenuation model

Dictionary unit

A
  • part of processing that contains stored words and thresholds for activating the words
  • common words = lower threshold (need less stimulation to be attended to)
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26
Q

Distraction

A
  • one stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus
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27
Q

Divided attention

A
  • paying attention to more than one thing at a time
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28
Q

Dorsal attention network

A
  • controls attention based on top-down processing
  • ex. endogenous orienting (controlled)
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29
Q

Early selection model

A
  • idea that a filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the flow of information
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30
Q

Effective connectivity

A
  • how easily activity can travel along a particular pathway
31
Q

Endogenous orienting

A
  • when you willingly shift your attention
  • effortful, controlled, resources driven
  • top-down (voluntary)
32
Q

Executive attention network

A
  • responsible for executive functions
33
Q

Executive functions

A
  • range of processes that include controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses
  • cognitive control, inhibitory control, willpower
34
Q

Exogenous orienting

A
  • when you automatically shift your attention
  • effortless, automatic, data driven
  • bottom-up (reflexive)
35
Q

Filter model of attention

A
  • theory that stimuli are selected to be attended to during processing
36
Q

Fixation

A
  • a pausing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene
37
Q

High-load tasks

high perceptual load

A
  • tasks that are difficult and not as well practiced
  • use more processing capacity
38
Q

how could top-down processing sometimes be used in feature integration theory?

A
  • if someone is told they are looking at a carrot, lake, and a tire, illusory conjuntions are less likely to occur and participants are more likely to guess the correct colour
  • (because of pre-existing knowledge of carrots, lakes, and tires)
39
Q

Illusory conjunctions

A
  • combining features from different stimuli (in memory)
40
Q

Inattentional blindness

A
  • occurs when people are unaware of clearly visible stimuli if they aren’t directing their attention to them
41
Q

Inattentional deafness

A
  • focusing on a difficult visual task results in impaired hearing
42
Q

late selection models of attention

A
  • proposes that most of the incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message to be further processed is selected
43
Q

Load theory of attention

A
  • proposal that the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on how much the person is doing
44
Q

Load theory of attention

A

a) low load tasks leave room for processing unattended stimuli
b) high load tasks don’t leave any room

45
Q

Low-load tasks

low perceptual load

A
  • tasks that are easy and well practiced
  • only use up a small amount of a person’s processing capacity
46
Q

Mind wandering

A
  • thoughts coming from within
  • decreases performance
  • usually associated with activity in the default mode network (DMN) which becomes activated when someone isn’t involved in a task
47
Q

Operant conditioning

A
  • type of learning
  • behaviour is controlled by rewards (reinforcements) that follow behaviour
  • best way to ensure a behaviour will continue is to reinforce it intermittently
48
Q

Overt attention/orienting

A
  • shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eye and head (gaze shift)
49
Q

Perceptual load

A
  • related to the difficulty of a task
50
Q

Peripheral vision

A
  • everything off to the side
51
Q

FIT

Preattentive stage

A
  • occurs before we focus attention on an object
  • attention is not involved
  • automatic, unconscious, effortless
  • the features of an object are analyzed independently in separate areas of the brain and are not yet associated with a specific object
52
Q

Precueing

A
  • experiment to determine whether presenting a cue indicating where a test stimulus will appear enhances the processing of the target stimulus
53
Q

Processing capacity

A
  • amount of information people can handle
  • sets a limit on their ability to process incoming information
54
Q

Saccadic eye movement

A
  • a rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next
55
Q

Saliency Map

A
  • map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene
  • ex. the person in red is visually salient because the brightness of colour and its contrast against the white which is homogenous
56
Q

Same-object advantage

A
  • faster responding that occurs when enhancement spreads within an object
57
Q

Selective attention

A
  • attending to one thing while ignoring others
58
Q

attention can be influenced by:

Stimulus salience

A
  • the physical properties of a stimulus, such as colour, contrast, or movement
  • bottom-up process - depends solely on the pattern of light and dark, colour and contrast in a stimulus
  • ex. finding the people with blonde hair involves responding to the physical property of colour, without considering the meaning of the image
59
Q

Stroop effect

A
  • task-irrelevant stimuli are extremely powerful
  • reading is automatic so it’s very hard to only focus on the colour of the word
60
Q

Synchronization

A
  • neural responses become synchronized in time
  • positive and negative responses occur at the same time
61
Q

The first few fixations when scanning are focused on high salience areas. After the first few fixations, what takes over?

A
  • scanning begins to be influenced by top-down processing
  • cognitive processing that depends on things such as the observer’s goals and expectations determined by past experiences in observing the environment
62
Q

Ventral attention network

A
  • controls attention based on stimulus salience
  • ex. exogenous orienting
63
Q

Visual scanning

A
  • movements of the eyes from one location or object to another
64
Q

Visual search

A
  • scanning a scene to find a specific object
65
Q

what 2 factors allow someone to ignore distracting stimuli when trying to focus their attention on a task?

A
  1. processing capacity
  2. perceptual load
66
Q

What are the 2 factors that determine how people shift their attention by moving their eyes?

A
  1. bottom-up - based on physical characteristics of the stimulus
  2. top-down - based on cognitive factors such as the observer’s knowledge about scenes and past experiences with specific stimuli
67
Q

what are the stages of Broadbent’s filter model

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. filter
  3. detector
  4. short-term memory
68
Q

What causes illusory conjunctions?

A
  • in the preattentive stage, each feature exists independently from each other
  • if they aren’t combined properly in the second stage, they could be combined in different ways causing illusory conjunctions
69
Q

What is the first step of feature integration theory?

A

Preattentive stage

70
Q

What is the second step of feature integration theory?

A

Focused attention stage

71
Q

What type of processing do feature analysis approaches involve?

A
  • bottom-up
  • knowledge is not usually involved
72
Q

Why do people look longer at things that seem out of place?

A
  • attention is affected by their knowledge of what is usually found in a scene
  • top-down processing - scanning is influenced by preferences a person brings to the situation
73
Q

Why is being on the phone while driving such an issue?

A
  • you are driving with fewer mental resources available to focus on driving
  • talking on the phone uses mental resources that would otherwise be used for driving the car
74
Q

Why is broadbent’s filter model considered a early selection model?

A
  • the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

Cognitive Psych (8 decks)

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