Chapter 6 - learning and memory Flashcards
linking two events that occur close together
associative learning
types of learning:
classical, operational, observational
theorist associated with classical conditioning?
pavlov
classical conditioning: dogs would begin to _____ at sound of ____
salivate at sound of bell
Classical conditioning: unconditioned stimulus
-automatically triggers response (meat powder)
classical conditioning: unconditioned response
unlearned response (salivation)
Classical conditioning: conditioned response
learned response to stimulus
5 major conditioning processes for classical conditioning:
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination
Classical conditioning: acquisition
-timing (timing between bell and meat powder must be good)
classical conditioning: extinction
weakening of conditioned response in absence of ucs (dont hear the bell for a while -> faded association)
enduring changes in behaviour that occur with experience
learning
classical conditioning: spontaneous recovery
conditioned response can recur after time delay w/out further conditioning
classical conditioning: generalization
tendency of new stimulus similar to original (cs) elicits response similar to controlled response. (tone is similar enough to bell to elicit same response)
classical conditioning: discrimination
process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not respond to others
the three key variables in classical conditioning
- strength of ucs, timing of ucs, frequency of pairings
conditioned infant (little albert) to fear white rats. when albert played with rats a large bang would go off. fear generalized to rabbit, dog, fur coat and mask.
classical conditioning - little albert study - watson and rayner
using classical conditioning to “un” condition fears
counter conditioning
theorist associated with operant conditioning
b.f skinner
operant conditioning (law of effect)
the consequences of a behaviour increase or decrease the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated
operational conditioning: process of rewarding approximations of the behaviour
shaping
positive reinforcement
-frequency of behaviour increases when stimulus is added
negative reinforcement
frequency of behaviour increases when stimulus is removed (aspirin - removal of pain)
operant conditioning: positive punishment
unpleasant stimulus is assed to decrease behaviour
operant conditioning: negative punishment
pleasant stimulus is taken away to decrease behaviour
primary punisher
stimulus that is naturally unpleasant
secondary punsisher
neutral stimulus of which negative value is learned
continuous reinforcement
every occurence
partial reinforcement
occasional, intermittent
fixed interval schedule
specified interval of time
variable interval schedule
predetermined but varying interval of time
fixed-ratio schedule
specified number of responses
variable ratio schedule
predetermined but variable number of responses
