Chapter 6 - learning and memory

Question 1

linking two events that occur close together

Answer 1

associative learning

Question 2

types of learning:

Answer 2

classical, operational, observational

Question 3

theorist associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 3

pavlov

Question 4

classical conditioning: dogs would begin to _____ at sound of ____

Answer 4

salivate at sound of bell

Question 5

Classical conditioning: unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

-automatically triggers response (meat powder)

Question 6

classical conditioning: unconditioned response

Answer 6

unlearned response (salivation)

Question 7

Classical conditioning: conditioned response

Answer 7

learned response to stimulus

Question 8

5 major conditioning processes for classical conditioning:

Answer 8

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination

Question 9

Classical conditioning: acquisition

Answer 9

-timing (timing between bell and meat powder must be good)

Question 10

classical conditioning: extinction

Answer 10

weakening of conditioned response in absence of ucs (dont hear the bell for a while -> faded association)

Question 11

enduring changes in behaviour that occur with experience

Answer 11

learning

Question 12

classical conditioning: spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

conditioned response can recur after time delay w/out further conditioning

Question 13

classical conditioning: generalization

Answer 13

tendency of new stimulus similar to original (cs) elicits response similar to controlled response. (tone is similar enough to bell to elicit same response)

Question 14

classical conditioning: discrimination

Answer 14

process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not respond to others

Question 15

the three key variables in classical conditioning

Answer 15

1. strength of ucs, timing of ucs, frequency of pairings

Question 16

conditioned infant (little albert) to fear white rats. when albert played with rats a large bang would go off. fear generalized to rabbit, dog, fur coat and mask.

Answer 16

classical conditioning - little albert study - watson and rayner

Question 17

using classical conditioning to “un” condition fears

Answer 17

counter conditioning

Question 18

theorist associated with operant conditioning

Answer 18

b.f skinner

Question 19

operant conditioning (law of effect)

Answer 19

the consequences of a behaviour increase or decrease the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated

Question 20

operational conditioning: process of rewarding approximations of the behaviour

Answer 20

shaping

Question 21

positive reinforcement

Answer 21

-frequency of behaviour increases when stimulus is added

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

frequency of behaviour increases when stimulus is removed (aspirin - removal of pain)

Question 23

operant conditioning: positive punishment

Answer 23

unpleasant stimulus is assed to decrease behaviour

Question 24

operant conditioning: negative punishment

Answer 24

pleasant stimulus is taken away to decrease behaviour

Question 25

primary punisher

Answer 25

stimulus that is naturally unpleasant

Question 26

secondary punsisher

Answer 26

neutral stimulus of which negative value is learned

Question 27

continuous reinforcement

Answer 27

every occurence

Question 28

partial reinforcement

Answer 28

occasional, intermittent

Question 29

fixed interval schedule

Answer 29

specified interval of time

Question 30

variable interval schedule

Answer 30

predetermined but varying interval of time

Question 31

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 31

specified number of responses

Question 32

variable ratio schedule

Answer 32

predetermined but variable number of responses