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PSYCH 101 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

heritability

A

proportion of variation among individuals attributable to genes

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2
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

studies how human brain developed over time to explain/predict behaviour
-trait variations which leas to increased reproduction and survival will most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations

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3
Q

Examples of adaptation

A

tendency to protect offspring, the development of communication, jealousy, fears/phobias, tastes for sweets and fats

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4
Q

what are some critiques of evolutionary psychology?

A

culture is overlooked, absolves ppl of responsibility

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5
Q

fraternal twins

A

product of two sperms fertilizing two eggs; not identical genetically

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6
Q

identical twins

A

product of one fertilized egg splitting into two identical cells - identical genetically

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7
Q

nervous system consists of:

A

control nervous system (cns): brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (pns): nerves connecting the cns to the rest of the body

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8
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers carry info across the synaptic gap. communicate with other neurons by binding to receptors

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9
Q

neurotransmitters and behaviour: Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

responsible for muscle action, learning, memory.

-undersupply: alzheimer’s

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters and behaviour: Dopamine (DA)

A

responsible for movement, learning, attention, emotion

  • oversupply: schizophrenia
  • undersupply: tremors and decreased mobility of parkinson’s
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11
Q

neurotransmitters and behaviour: Serotonin

A

causes mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

undersupply: depression

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12
Q

neurotransmitters and behaviour: Norepinephrine (NE)

A

responsible for alertness and arousal

-undersupply: can depress mood

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13
Q

neurotransmitters and behaviour: gaba

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

-undersupply: seizures, tremors, insomnia

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14
Q

neurotransmitters and behaviour: glutamate

A

responsible for alertness and arousal

-undersupply can depress mood

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15
Q

neurotransmitters and behaviour: endorphins

A

natural opiates, stimulate firing of neurons. shield body from pain. elevate feelings of pleasure.

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16
Q

Genes

A

basic units of heredity composed of DNA and located on chromosomes

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17
Q

Central Nervous System consists of

A

brain and spinal cord. where 99 percent of all nerve cells in our body are.

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18
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. 2 divisions: somatic nervous system and autonomic

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19
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- Somatic ns consists of

A

sensory nerves:
-convey info from the skin and muscles to cns about conditions such as pain (afferent nerve fibres) carry commands from cns to the muscles (efferent nerve fibres)
motor nerves:
-function is to tell muscles what to do

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20
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- autonomic ns:

A
  • takes messages to and from body’s internal organs
  • automatic, involuntary functions
  • monitors things we dont usually think about: breathing, blinking, heart rate, digestion
  • sympathetic NS: arouses, fight, mobilizes bodily resources
  • parasympathetic NS: calms, flight, conserves
21
Q

central nervous system: spinal cord

A

connects brain to rest of body -> extension of brain

22
Q

Who located the mind in the spherical head?

A

plato

23
Q

who believed the mind was in the heart?

A

aristotle

24
Q

Franz Gall’s phrenology theory was:

A

bumps on skull revealed mental abilities and character traits

25
Q

what are the brains three divisions?

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

26
Q

where is the medulla located/what are its functions?

A
  • located in hindbrain

- controls basic bodily functions (breathing/circulation)

27
Q

where is the reticular formation located/what are its functions?

A
  • hind brain

- controls persons state of arousal

28
Q

Where is the pons located/what are its functions?

A
  • hindbrain

- links medulla and cerebellum

29
Q

where is the cerebellum/what are its functions?

A
  • influences balance, coordination and movement

- hindbrain

30
Q

what does the midbrain do?

A
  • relieves signal from other parts of brain
  • relays info to more complex part of the brain
  • relates to where things are in space (degeneration of midbrain relation with parkinsons disease)
31
Q

where is the thalamus located/whats its function?

A
  • forebrain

- sends info to other parts of the brain

32
Q

where is the hypothalamus located/whats its function?

A
  • forebrain

- basic biological needs: fighting, fleeing, feeding and mating

33
Q

where is the limbic system located/what are its functions?

A
  • forebrain
  • interconnected group of structures influences emotion and memory
  • contains amygdala (emotional control) and hippocampus (memory)
34
Q

what is the purpose of basil ganglia?

A

movement and posture

35
Q

what is the purpose of corpus callosum?

A

cross hemisphere connections

36
Q

where is the cerebrum located/whats it function?

A
  • forebrain
  • implemented in complex mental activities
  • two specialized halves connected by corpus collosum
37
Q

diff between left and right hemispheres?

A

left: language, speech, reading, writing
right: nonverbal processing, spatial

38
Q

the cerebrum is subdivided into 4 lobes, which are?

A
  • occipital lobe (vision)
  • parietal lobe (touch)
  • temporal lobe (hearing)
  • frontal lobe (movement of the body)
39
Q

what are hormones?

A
  • chemicals produced by endocrine glands

- send chemical signals that affect the body and behaviour

40
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A
  • body’s master gland
  • controls release of hormones
  • growth hormones, sex hormones -> what sends all the signals for the physical changes of puberty to behin
41
Q

soma

A

cell body

42
Q

dendrites

A

branching signals that recieve signals from other cells

43
Q

axon

A

fibre that carries signals away from soma to other cells

44
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating material encasing some axons

45
Q

terminal buttons

A

small knobs at ends of axons that release neurotransmitters at synapses

46
Q

neurons stable negative charge when inactive

A

resting potential

47
Q

voltage spike that travels along axon

A

action potential

48
Q

brief time after action potential before another action potential can begin

A

absolute refractory period

49
Q

a neuron either fires or doesnt fire

A

all-or-none law

PSYCH 101 (6 decks)

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