Chapter 4 - sensation, perception and consciousnees Flashcards
the selection organization, and interpretation of sensory input. organizing sensory input i to something meaningful.
perception
selective attention
the idea that ppl can pay attention to only one or two things at a time
- cocktail party effect
- stroop effect: attending to one thing interferes with ur attention to something else
what are the 5 senses?
sight, sound, smell, taste, touch
receiving, translating, and transmitting raw sensory data to brain
sensation
describe process of which light enters the eye?
light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil and is focused upside down on the retina by the lens.
nearsightedness
close objects are seen clearly but distant objects appear blurry (eyeball is too long)
farsightedness
distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry (eyeball is too short)
opening in the centre of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of eye
pupil
coloured ring of muscle surrounding the pupil
iris
saccades
fast eye movements
brains envoy in the eye - neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual info to brain via the optic nerve
retina
increase in sensitivity to light when illumination decreases. takes 20-30 min
dark adaptation
adjustment that takes place when you go form darkness to a bright setting. 7-10 min.
light adaptation
play key role in daylight vision and are concentrated in fovea
cones
greatest density outside the fovea, critical to night vision
rods
the optic nerves from the inside half of each rye cross at the optic chiasm and then project
to the opposite half of the brain
interpretation of visual cues that indicate hoe near or far away objects are. ppl rely on binocular cues and monocular cues to tell how far something is.
depth perception
clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes
binocular cues
slight difference in the visual images on the retinas between left and right eye -> combo of images gives 3d visual
binocular cue - retinal disparity
sensing the eyes converging towards each other as they focus on nearby object
binocular cue - convergence
clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone
monocular cues
when moving, objects that are closer seem to move more quickly than those at a distance
monocular cue - motion parallax
objects which look flat when stationary appear to be 3d when set in motion
monocular cue - kinetic depth effect
distant objects appear closer together than nearer objects
monocular cue - linear perspective
when one object blocks out another it seems closer
monocular cue - interposition
surfaces that have little texture or detail seem more distant
monocular cue - texture gradient
closer objects appear larger
monocular cue - relative size
objects positioned higher in a picture are seen as farther away
monocular cue - relative height
patterns of light and dark suggest shadows that can create an impression of 3d forms
monocular cue - highlighting and shadowing
position if light and position of viewer - perceive hazy objects as further away
monocular cue - relative clarity or shading
perception of a physical stimulus differing from measurable reality
illusion
5 gestalt principals?
proximity, closure, similarity, figure and ground, continuity
see objects that are close to each other and try to group them together.
gestalt principal - proximity
organize perceptual fields into figure (what stands out) and ground (background)
gestalt principals - figure and ground
for a disconnected or incomplete figure, we fill in the spaces and see it as a complete figure
gestalt principle - closure
group similar objects together; seen as a unit
gestalt principle - similarity
string of items indicates where next item in the string will be found
gestalt principle - continuity
sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached to the body
phantom limb pain
types of esp?
telepath, clairvoyance, precognition, psychokinesis
transfer of thoughts from one person to another
telepath
recognizing objects or events not discernible by normal sensory receptions
clairvoyance
inexplicable knowledge of future events
precognition
ability to move objects w/ mental powers
psychokinesis
perception below threshold of awareness
subliminal
perceptions of colour (hue) are primarily a function of
light wavelength
amplitude of light wavelength affects
brightness
purity of light wavelengths affect
saturation
Inattentional blindness
failure to see unexpected visual objects/events in visual display
perception of pain is both
physical and psychological
brief exposure to sounds over ____ can be painful and damaging
120 db
human ear is most sensitive to sounds around ______
2000 hz
3 sections of ear:
external ear, the middle ear, inner ear
sound collecting cone and auditory canal both found in external ear
pinna and eardrum
3 tiniest bones in body found in middle ear
hammer, anvil and stirrup - known as ossicles
fluid filled coiled tunnel found in inner ear is
cochlea
incoming pain signals can be blocked in the spinal cord. endorphins and a descending neural pathway appear to be responsible for the suppression of pain by the cns.
gate control theory
what is absolute threshold?
stimulus that can be detected 50 percent of the time
Jims optometrist has just informed him that he needs glasses to cope with his farsightedness. what will jims new glasses do?
adjust the focus of light forward, so that it falls on the retina
