Chapter 6 Language Acquisition and Development Flashcards
Psychologists have different theories on _______, or the process by which we learn to speak, write, or even use sign language in meaningful ways to communicate.
language acquisition
Behaviorists, like_______ (who lived from 1904-1990), argued that language acquisition and development are learned behaviors.
Skinner/ Chomsky
BF Skinner
Behaviorists believe we learn by associating events, known as _________
classical conditioning/ operant conditioning
classical conditioning
We also learn through rewards and punishments, a process known as _________
classical conditioning/ operant conditioning
operant conditioning
_______ states that we are born with an innate ability to learn language, and with little guidance, children will naturally learn language.
Chomsky’s linguistic theory/ Skinner linguistic Theory
Chomsky’s linguistic theory
Chomsky argues we must be born with a _____ device, an area in our brains that makes learning language a natural event. As evidence, he points to the idea that children all over the world learn language in similar ways, regardless of their culture or the language they learn to speak.
L A D
language acquisition device
The ________ states that we have a time frame for learning new language, and once that time is over, language acquisition becomes much more difficult.
critical period hypothesis/ language acquisition device
critical period hypothesis
Over repeated exposures, infants may learn to associate an object with a sound or word for that object.
classical conditioning/ operant conditioning
classical conditioning
When an infant babbles ‘dada,’ the infant is rewarded by smiling and happy parents who cheer and REWARD their child’s efforts at communicating.
classical conditioning/ operant conditioning
operant conditioning
Babbling stage( 1st) is from
4-10 months
The ONE-WORD stage happens around the time the child turns _____ year and begins to utter sounds that have meaning
1
By the time the child has reached their SECOND birthday, they usually have elements of the
2 word stage
Once they’ve reached their second birthday, children learn language rapidly and begin to use complete sentences.
True/ False
True
By the time the child reaches _____ age, they are able to form complex sentences and understand multiple meanings in communication.
pre-prodcution/ school age
school
The first stage is _____. Also called the silent receptive stage, this stage is defined by minimal comprehension of the new language. It includes familiarity with about 500 words that the child will parrot more so than comprehend. During this stage, children will point and nod more so than speak.
advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production
pre-production
The 2nd stage is ______. During this stage, the child will learn and speak short phrases. This stage will last about six months and will see the child knowing about 1,000 words.
advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production
early production
The 3rd stage is ______. This stage includes a surge in comprehension of the new language. Learners will begin to independently form simple sentences. They will have an inventory of about 3,000 words.
advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production
speech emergent
The 4th phase is ______. Beginning about three to five years after being introduced to the new language, it includes an inventory of about 6,000 words or more and an excellent comprehension of the new language.
advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production
intermediate fluency
The last stage is _______. It includes a near native grasp of the language and often takes up to ten years to reach. Students in this phase still require support, and they will still continue to grow. However, they can speak the new language as though it was their native tongue.
advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production
advanced fluency
These are children who are fluent in one language then introduced to another.
sequential language learners
An ability to communicate easily in two languages.
bilingualism
What are the 4 characteristics of bilingualism
- Bilingual people are most often part of two cultures or a culture where more than one language is used.
- Bilingual people may not speak both languages equally well. Bilingual people use each language in different areas of their lives.
- Bilingual individuals may not be able to translate quickly.
- Bilinguals sometimes mix languages when speaking to each other. The major reason is that some words don’t translate well.
Language Development Influence:
Needing to use two languages for daily life
Internal influence or external influence
Internal
Language Development Influence:
Health and learning problems
Internal influence or external influence
internal
Language Development Influence:
motivation parents and teachers
Internal influence or external influence
external
Which is communication-based teaching
implicit/explicit
implicit
Which is formal instruction
implicit/explicit
explicit
There are 4 social and personal factors that affect second language development. They are _____
A____
M___
L____ style
H____ culture
Age
Motivation
Learning style
Home culture
What is typically the strongest factor in second language development?
Age
Motivation
Learning style
Home culture
Motivation
What two social/personal factors are most closely linked?
Culture and motivation
4 social and political factors that affect language learning
political and societal attitudes, social relationships, school structures, and educational policies.
Proponents of frequent native language use argue:
- It allows for the explanation of complex grammatical concepts
- Students gain a quicker ability to read and write in their second language when they’re taught using their native language.
- Student recognize similar root words and make key connections
Proponents of no native language use argue:
- ELLs learn to read and write quicker when not allowed to use their native language.
- allows ELLs to make important cognitive connections in their second language
- ELLs learn new words by creating word associations between other words and definitions in their new language
- Its similar to how we learn a first language
The best approach in second language acquisition is
the one which helps students learn the language as quickly and completely as possible.
How are students expected to learn the definitions of words in systems which do not allow for use of a student’s native language?
through making word associations and definitions from words they already know in their second language
In which system will students sometimes respond to their teacher’s native language questions by speaking in their second language?
Systems that use both the native and the second language
In which of the following systems is direct translation encouraged?
systems that allow the use of native language
Some systems call for a widespread use of a student’s native language. These types of systems emphasize _____.
grammar
