Chapter 6 Language Acquisition and Development

Question 1

Psychologists have different theories on _______, or the process by which we learn to speak, write, or even use sign language in meaningful ways to communicate.

Answer 1

language acquisition

Question 2

Behaviorists, like_______ (who lived from 1904-1990), argued that language acquisition and development are learned behaviors.

Skinner/ Chomsky

Answer 2

BF Skinner

Question 3

Behaviorists believe we learn by associating events, known as _________

classical conditioning/ operant conditioning

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

We also learn through rewards and punishments, a process known as _________

classical conditioning/ operant conditioning

Answer 4

operant conditioning

Question 5

_______ states that we are born with an innate ability to learn language, and with little guidance, children will naturally learn language.

Chomsky’s linguistic theory/ Skinner linguistic Theory

Answer 5

Chomsky’s linguistic theory

Question 6

Chomsky argues we must be born with a _____ device, an area in our brains that makes learning language a natural event. As evidence, he points to the idea that children all over the world learn language in similar ways, regardless of their culture or the language they learn to speak.

L A D

Answer 6

language acquisition device

Question 7

The ________ states that we have a time frame for learning new language, and once that time is over, language acquisition becomes much more difficult.

critical period hypothesis/ language acquisition device

Answer 7

critical period hypothesis

Question 8

Over repeated exposures, infants may learn to associate an object with a sound or word for that object.

classical conditioning/ operant conditioning

Answer 8

classical conditioning

Question 9

When an infant babbles ‘dada,’ the infant is rewarded by smiling and happy parents who cheer and REWARD their child’s efforts at communicating.

classical conditioning/ operant conditioning

Answer 9

operant conditioning

Question 10

Babbling stage( 1st) is from

Answer 10

4-10 months

Question 11

The ONE-WORD stage happens around the time the child turns _____ year and begins to utter sounds that have meaning

Answer 11

1

Question 12

By the time the child has reached their SECOND birthday, they usually have elements of the

Answer 12

2 word stage

Question 13

Once they’ve reached their second birthday, children learn language rapidly and begin to use complete sentences.

True/ False

Answer 13

True

Question 14

By the time the child reaches _____ age, they are able to form complex sentences and understand multiple meanings in communication.

pre-prodcution/ school age

Answer 14

school

Question 15

The first stage is _____. Also called the silent receptive stage, this stage is defined by minimal comprehension of the new language. It includes familiarity with about 500 words that the child will parrot more so than comprehend. During this stage, children will point and nod more so than speak.

advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production

Answer 15

pre-production

Question 16

The 2nd stage is ______. During this stage, the child will learn and speak short phrases. This stage will last about six months and will see the child knowing about 1,000 words.

advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production

Answer 16

early production

Question 17

The 3rd stage is ______. This stage includes a surge in comprehension of the new language. Learners will begin to independently form simple sentences. They will have an inventory of about 3,000 words.

advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production

Answer 17

speech emergent

Question 18

The 4th phase is ______. Beginning about three to five years after being introduced to the new language, it includes an inventory of about 6,000 words or more and an excellent comprehension of the new language.

advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production

Answer 18

intermediate fluency

Question 19

The last stage is _______. It includes a near native grasp of the language and often takes up to ten years to reach. Students in this phase still require support, and they will still continue to grow. However, they can speak the new language as though it was their native tongue.

advanced fluency, speech emergent, intermediate fluency, early production, pre-production

Answer 19

advanced fluency

Question 20

These are children who are fluent in one language then introduced to another.

Answer 20

sequential language learners

Question 21

An ability to communicate easily in two languages.

Answer 21

bilingualism

Question 22

What are the 4 characteristics of bilingualism

Answer 22

1. Bilingual people are most often part of two cultures or a culture where more than one language is used.
2. Bilingual people may not speak both languages equally well. Bilingual people use each language in different areas of their lives.
3. Bilingual individuals may not be able to translate quickly.
4. Bilinguals sometimes mix languages when speaking to each other. The major reason is that some words don’t translate well.

Question 23

Language Development Influence:
Needing to use two languages for daily life

Internal influence or external influence

Answer 23

Internal

Question 24

Language Development Influence:
Health and learning problems

Internal influence or external influence

Answer 24

internal

Question 25

Language Development Influence:
motivation parents and teachers

Internal influence or external influence

Answer 25

external

Question 26

Which is communication-based teaching

implicit/explicit

Answer 26

implicit

Question 27

Which is formal instruction

implicit/explicit

Answer 27

explicit

Question 28

There are 4 social and personal factors that affect second language development. They are _____

A____
M___
L____ style
H____ culture

Answer 28

Age
Motivation
Learning style
Home culture

Question 29

What is typically the strongest factor in second language development?

Age
Motivation
Learning style
Home culture

Answer 29

Motivation

Question 30

What two social/personal factors are most closely linked?

Answer 30

Culture and motivation

Question 31

4 social and political factors that affect language learning

Answer 31

political and societal attitudes, social relationships, school structures, and educational policies.

Question 32

Proponents of frequent native language use argue:

Answer 32

1. It allows for the explanation of complex grammatical concepts
2. Students gain a quicker ability to read and write in their second language when they’re taught using their native language.
3. Student recognize similar root words and make key connections

Question 33

Proponents of no native language use argue:

Answer 33

1. ELLs learn to read and write quicker when not allowed to use their native language.
2. allows ELLs to make important cognitive connections in their second language
3. ELLs learn new words by creating word associations between other words and definitions in their new language
4. Its similar to how we learn a first language

Question 34

The best approach in second language acquisition is

Answer 34

the one which helps students learn the language as quickly and completely as possible.

Question 35

How are students expected to learn the definitions of words in systems which do not allow for use of a student’s native language?

Answer 35

through making word associations and definitions from words they already know in their second language

Question 36

In which system will students sometimes respond to their teacher’s native language questions by speaking in their second language?

Answer 36

Systems that use both the native and the second language

Question 37

In which of the following systems is direct translation encouraged?

Answer 37

systems that allow the use of native language

Question 38

Some systems call for a widespread use of a student’s native language. These types of systems emphasize _____.

Answer 38

grammar