Chapter 4: Elements of Language Flashcards
Term in linguistics meaning the study of language that is not directly spoken;
studies implied and inferred meanings.
pragmatics
The study of how words can be interpreted in different ways based on the situation.
pragmatics
A situation can clarify ambiguous language.
True/ False?
true
A cashier asking how I am doing but not expecting a detailed answer is an example of pragmatics or syntax?
pragmatics
What’s another term for pragmatism?
C________ I __________
conversational implicature
A word that means vague or unclear is (morpheme/ ambiguous)
ambiguous
Means the process of communication (morpheme/ ambiguous/ discourse)
discourse
If we were to chat about the weather, that would be a (common discourse/ formal discourse).
common discourse
Means communication that has greater rules surrounding it, such as when discussing business matters at work. This level of communication has more specialized terminology (business words like profits, margin, and water cooler) and greater rules with regards to communication.
formal discourse
For example, the way you speak to the president of the company you work for is different than the way you would speak to your friends. That’s an example of (common discourse/ formal discourse/ academic discourse).
formal discourse
Examples of ______ are textbooks, presentations, dissertations, research articles, and lectures. (common discourse/ formal discourse/ academic discourse).
academic discourse
This discourse is composed of several elements: structure and organization,
manner of speaking,
complexity,
intelligibility, and
audience.
(common discourse/ formal discourse/ academic discourse).
academic discourse
How do older ESOL students typically acquire new English language knowledge?
Through E______ and R________
Through examples and repetition.
A term used to describe the differentiations that people have between the MEANINGS of words;
a formal term for a branch of linguistics that is concerned with studying how MEANING is constructed and communicated in written or spoken language.
semantics
The three major types of semantics are
F ______
L ______
C______
Formal semantics
Lexical semantics
Conceptual semantics
This branch of semantics is concerned with the TRUTH of utterances and how that truth is determined, especially in philosophy
Formal semantics
The branch of semantics that study the meaning of individual words, especially in the context of things like metaphor and other literary devices that can alter the meanings of words and phrases; takes into account things like context, or the text surrounding a word that gives it a particular meaning, and nuance, or shades of meaning in a word.
Lexical semantics
Semantics that is all about the dictionary definition of a word before any context is applied.
What concepts are words connected to?
How does meaning get assigned to those words?
How do meanings change over time?
These are all questions asked in _____ semantics. In linguistics, a word that represents a concept is usually referred to as a sign.
conceptual semantics
The _____ of a word is the dictionary definition: This is also known as the literal meaning of a word.(denotation/connotation)
denotation
________ is a word’s figurative meaning or the additional layers of meaning that many people associate with a word beyond its dictionary definition. (denotation/connotation)
connotation
What is a ‘sign’ in the linguistic field?
That which represents a concept
Semantics means:
Both the linguistic field of study about the meanings of words, as well as our differentiations between words and sentences based on context.
What is the best method of distinguishing between literal meaning and figurative meaning? (word choice/ context)
context
It has to do with the way sentences are constructed using appropriate grammar and word arrangement. (syntax/ semantics)
syntax
English learners need explicit instruction in syntax; it’s a skill that has to be learned because they do not have the background of immersion and exposure that native English speakers have.
True or false?
True
The most important method for teaching syntax is continuous modeling in the use of proper sentence structure, both ______ and ______.
oral and written
Writing words on index cards or word strips and having students arrange the cards to form different sentences.
syntax or phonetic strategy
syntax
Creating sentences that use incorrect syntax and have students practice finding and correcting the mistakes.
syntax or phonetic strategy
syntax
Using guided reading practices with varying types of text so that ESOL learners can see and hear the use of proper syntax simultaneously.
syntax or phonetic strategy
syntax
Using student writing as a basis
syntax or phonetic strategy
syntax
Focusing writing instruction on one grammatical idea or issue at a time so as not to overwhelm learners.
syntax or phonetic strategy
syntax
Pairing second language learners with native English speakers for assistance in writing and speaking assignments
syntax or phonetic strategy
syntax
Pulling ESOL learners for brief lessons that provide explicit instruction in syntax and making sure that it’s a positive experience throughout the lesson.
syntax or phonetic strategy
syntax
Gently and subtly correcting improper uses of syntax in students’ speech.
syntax or phonetic strategy
syntax
What is the most important strategy for teaching syntax?
Continuous modeling
Why do ESOL learners need syntax instruction?
They do not have the background of immersion and exposure that native English speakers have.
Syntax is all about _____.
context/ sentence structure
sentence structure
Means that specific types of words across all languages have the same function.
arbitrary
systematic
rule governed
systematic
Help learners understand the purpose of different words.
All languages around the world are ______, which means they all follow a number of grammar principles.
arbitrary
systematic
rule governed
rule governed
Illustrate for learners what the grammar rule is.
Means different languages uses different sounds to represent meanings.
arbitrary
systematic
rule governed
arbitrary
Good for teaching vocabulary.
Say the word and automatically project a picture
