Chapter 6 - Innate Immunity: Inflammation & Wound Healing Flashcards
Innate immunity involves the ____ and ____ lines of defense
first and second
What is the first line of defense?
physical (skin), mechanical (mucous membrane), biochemical barriers
What is the second line of defense?
the firing squad - inflammation response, macrophages, and neutrophils
Adaptive immunity is the ____ line of defence.
third
What is the third line of defense?
acquired or specific immunity via B and T cells
Which type of T cell is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity?
Natural Killer T Cell
What do Mast cells release?
histamines (cytokines)
What does histamine do?
induce vasodilation
What do platelets do?
induce clotting to stop blood loss
What is the role of macrophages and neutrophils during the inflammatory response?
phagocytosis of the pathogen
What element do macrophages follow?
cytokines
What is pus accumulation?
the gathering of dead phagocytes and pathogens
What leaks out and is followed by fluid to induce swelling?
ions, followed by water
What is the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatory response?
Overseer/coordinator of events
What is another principal coordinator during inflammation?
vascular epithelium
What 2 cells are contained in the tissue close to vessels?
mast and dendritic cells
Which cells are an inflammation activator? What do they release?
mast cells release cytokines
Dendritic Cells
connect the innate and adaptive immune response
What recruits the innate and adaptive immune systems?
chemical molecules
Where are chemical molecules released from?
Damaged or destroyed cells
What are cytokines?
a general term for released chemical molecules (messengers) that regulate innate and adaptive immunity
Cytokines can be ___inflammatory or ___-inflammatory
pro or anti (shut down)
Lymphokines
cytokines released from lymphocytes
Monokines
cytokines released from monocytes
What do monocytes change into?
macrophages
What produces IL-1?
macrophages
What produces IL-6?
macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts
What is different about interleukins than cytokines?
ILs have self-limiting abilities
What is the order of cells in the immune response?
mast cell, neutrophil, macrophage, basophil, eosinophil, natural killer cell
Cytokine Storm Syndrome
activated by Covid-19, a severe systemic immune response that can be damaging to the body
What is the cytokine released during CSS?
IL-6 (lymphokine) which plays a major role in the excessive recruitment of lymphocytes
What is the treatment for Covid-19?
IL-6 antibody production to counteract the effects
TNF-a is a _____ but not an _______
cytokine but not an interleukin
What releases TNF-a?
macrophages and mast cells
What are the pro-inflammatory effects of TNF-a?
fever, cachexia, fatal shock (gram- bacteria), granuloma
Cachexia
muscle wasting
What is a main anti-inflammatory cytokine?
IL-10 aka lymphokine
How do monocytes move out of blood vessels?
through interstitial spaces between cells
How does capillary permeability change during inflammation?
increased permeability
Capillary widening = ______ blood flow
increased
Increased permeability = _____ _____ into tissues
fluid release
Attraction of leukocytes = leaking of leukocytes to…
injury site
Systemic response = _____ and increase in _____
fever and increase in leukocytes
What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation?
heat, redness, swelling, tenderness, pain
What is the goal of the inflammatory response?
limit and control bleeding and infection
Interventions for Inflammation:
clean wound (saline), remove loose debris, treat with antibiotics
What does “itis” tell us?
Where the inflammation is (ie. tonsilitis)
What activates inflammation?
cell injury or death