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HLSC 222 - Pathophysiology Across the Lifespan > Chapter 33 - Alterations in Male and Female Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 33 - Alterations in Male and Female Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

painful menstruation

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2
Q

Dysmenorrhea occurs from excess _________ secretion

A

prostaglandin

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3
Q

How do prostaglandins affect the myometrium?

A

stimulation and vasoconstriction

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4
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

smooth muscle cells of uterine wall superficial to endometrium

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5
Q

Prostaglandin induced vasoconstriction results in constriction of __________ tissue and nerve __________ which leads to pain

A

endometrial; hypersensitivity

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6
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

layer of tissue that lines uterus

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7
Q

Dysmenorrhea results in _________ and endometrial shedding

A

ischemia

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8
Q

Pain from dysmenorrhea is directly related to ______ and ______ of menstrual floq

A

length and amount

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9
Q

What is the treatment for dysmenorrhea?

A

NSAIDs

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10
Q

Primary amenorrhea involves the absence of menstruations by age ____ without the development of secondary characteristics by age ___

A

13; 15

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11
Q

Secondary amenorrhea involves the absence of menstruation for ___ cycles in women with previous cycles

A

3

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12
Q

Amenorrhea Compartment 1: disorder due to…

A

anatomical defects (absence of vagina and uterus)

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13
Q

Amenorrhea Compartment 2: disorders of…

A

ovary or genetic (ie. Turner’s syndrome)

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14
Q

Amenorrhea Compartment 3: disorders of the…

A

anterior pituitary gland that results in LH and FSH failure

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15
Q

Amenorrhea Compartment 4: disorder due to ____ that prevents release of ______ from the ________

A

CNS; GnRH; hypothalamus

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16
Q

______ is the leading cause of infertility in North America

A

PCOS

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17
Q

What 2 things diagnose PCOS?

A

-anovulatory menstrual cycles
-elevated androgen levels

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18
Q

Anovulatory

A

skipped ovulations

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19
Q

PCOS can be due to _______ or an _______-prone lifestyle

A

genetics; obesity

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20
Q

PCOS predisposes for _______ while _______ predisposes for PCOS

A

obesity; obesity

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21
Q

Why does obesity predispose for PCOS?

A

increased insulin resistance (excess insulin) and androgens

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22
Q

Hyper-insulinemia overstimulate ovarian _______ secretion

A

androgen

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23
Q

How do androgens contribute to PCOS?

A

increasing follicular growth

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24
Q

How does insulin contribute to PCOS?

A

by suppressing follicular apoptosis and allowing follicles to survive

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25
Q

PCOS involves ________ ovaries which contain fluid filled _____ (follicles) that surround eggs

A

enlarged; sacs

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26
Q

Genital tract infections can result from _________ or ___________ microorganisms

A

exogenous or endogenous

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27
Q

Exogenous microorganisms are often ________ transmitted

A

sexually

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28
Q

Endogenous microorganisms have ________ residence of…

A

normal; vagina, bowel, vulva

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29
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

A

an infection involving any organ or combination of organs of upper genital tract

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30
Q

Female Upper Genital Tract Organs

A

uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries

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31
Q

What puts one at risk for PID?

A

-untreated STIs
-multiple sex partners

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32
Q

PID develops when pathogens ascent from cervix to _____ _____

A

fallopian tubes

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33
Q

What are the main STIs that cause PID?

A

gonorrhoea and chlamydia

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34
Q

Aerobic bacteria (_______) alter vaginal pH and decrease the integrity of the _______ blocking the cervical canal

A

gonorrhoea; mucus

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35
Q

What is used to treat PID?

A

broad spectrum antibiotics

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36
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

inflammation of the fallopian tubes

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37
Q

Infection changes the _________ epithelia of the upper reproductive treat

A

columnar

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38
Q

Inflammation = _____ and possible ______

A

edema; necrosis

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39
Q

What is the combined effect of gonorrhoea and chlamydia for salpingitis?

A

Gonorrhoea - secrete a toxin that damages mucosa
Chlamydia - replicates in damaged cells, burst cell membrane, leave scarring

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40
Q

What are the 3 consequences of PID?

A

-infertility
-tubal obstruction
-ectopic pregnancy

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41
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

implantation of fertilized egg outside the uterus

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42
Q

Vaginitis

A

vaginal inflammation with increase in WBCs

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43
Q

Vaginosis

A

vaginal irritation without WBCs

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44
Q

What 3 things can cause vaginitis?

A

-normal flora overgrowth
-STIs
-low estrogen during menopause

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45
Q

Vaginitis is related to alterations in vaginal ____

A

pH

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46
Q

What is a normal vaginal pH?

A

4.0-4.5

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47
Q

What 2 factors contribute to vaginal pH?

A

-cervical secretions
-presence of normal flora that support acidic environment

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48
Q

A change in vaginal pH predisposes __________

A

infection

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49
Q

How is vaginitis diagnosed?

A

change in colour/amount of discharge

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50
Q

How is vaginitis treated?

A

-supporting acidic environment
-probiotics to proliferate normal vaginal flora

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51
Q

What is Lactobacillus crispatus?

A

a probiotic

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52
Q

What is cervicitis?

A

inflammation of the cervix

53
Q

What 2 signs lead to cervicitis diagnosis?

A

-purulent (pus) discharge
-mucopurulent (mucus and pus) discharge

54
Q

Mucopurulent cervicitis is a red and _______ infection

A

edematous

55
Q

Cervicitis symptoms:

A

-mucopurulent discharge
-pelvic pain
-bleeding

56
Q

Mucopurulent cervicitis is a symptom of _____

A

PID

57
Q

Women under ____ should receive PID treatment while waiting for ______ examination

A

26; exudate

58
Q

When do benign ovarian cysts occur?

A

in reproductive years around puberty and menopause

59
Q

Benign ovarian cysts are related to…

A

hormonal imbalances

60
Q

Benign ovarian cysts male up _____ of gynecological hospital admissions

A

1/3

61
Q

How many follicles are stimulated during a normal menstrual cycle?

A

120

62
Q

How many follicles reach ovulation in a normal menstrual cycle?

A

normally only one

63
Q

Follicular cysts occur when the dominant follicle doesn’t __________ normally OR when non-dominant follicles do not ______

A

rupture; regress

64
Q

Ovary cycts occur when ___ dominant follicle develops and completes the menstruation process

A

no

65
Q

Corpus luteum cysts can develop from ________ cells left behind after ovulation

A

granulosa

66
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus

67
Q

Where can endometriosis affect?

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder

68
Q

With endometriosis, the tissue responds to…

A

menstrual cycle hormonal fluctuations

69
Q

Endometriosis causes high levels of ________

A

estrogen

70
Q

Endometriosis causes cells to ______ ________ during development

A

switch fates

71
Q

Endometriosis cells can develop new ______ ______ to support lesions

A

blood vessels (angiogenisis)

72
Q

_______ cells play a role in the development of endometriosis lesions

A

stem

73
Q

What is a serious complication of endometriosis?

A

ectopic pregnancy

74
Q

Breast cancer is the _____ leading cause of death in women

A

2nd

75
Q

1 in ____ have a chance of developing breast cancer

A

8

76
Q

___ Canadian women will be diagnosed with breast cancer each day and ___ will die from breast cancer

A

75; 14

77
Q

In 2022, _____ men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and ____ will likely die

A

240; 55

78
Q

Breast Cancer Hypothesis 1/4: ovarian androgen (__________) excess

A

testosterone

79
Q

Breast Cancer Hypothesis 2/4: Blood elevation in both _________ and ____________

A

estrogen and progesterone

80
Q

Breast Cancer Hypothesis 3/4: “Estrogen-alone hypothesis”

A

relationship between levels of circulating estrogen and breast cancer in POSTMENOPAUSAL women

81
Q

Breast Cancer Hypothesis 4/4: Local biosynthesis of estrogen in _______ tissue

A

breast

82
Q

How is breast cancer diagnosed?

A

-clinical breast exam
-mammogram
-biopsy

83
Q

Breast Cancer Risk Factors:

A

-gene mutation
-family history
-timing of menstruation and menopause
-nulliparous
-oral contraceptives
-obesity

84
Q

Which gene mutations are associated with breast cancer? What do these genes normally do?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2 - normally protect against cancer

85
Q

Menstruation before age ___ or menopause after ___ pose risk for breast cancer

A

12; 55

86
Q

Nulliparou

A

no children

87
Q

_______ first pregnancy and removal of _______ and ______ gland are risks for breast cancer ***check

A

early; ovaries and pituitary gland

88
Q

What is gynecomastia?

A

overdevelopment of breast tissue in males as a result of hormonal alterations

89
Q

People with Klinefelter’s syndrome are at risk for…

A

Male breast cancer

90
Q

What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

males who have an extra X chromosome (XXY)

91
Q

Breast cancer in males in linked to high ______ or low ________

A

estrogen; testosterone

92
Q

Gynecomastia resolves in _____ months in younger males

A

4-6

93
Q

Breast cancer in males older than 60 is linked to _______ and _______ mutations

A

BCRA1 and BCRA2

94
Q

Gynecomastia in older men involves:

A

-nipple crusting and discharge
-enlarged axillary nodes

95
Q

Axillary Nodes

A

lymph nodes in armpit that drain lymph from breast area

96
Q

What is the treatment for gynecomastia in older males?

A

modified mastectomy with hormone therapy

97
Q

What is urethritis?

A

inflammation of urethra commonly caused by STIs

98
Q

What bacteria causes gonococcal urethritis?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

99
Q

Non-infectious urethritis is associated with ingestion of ______ alcohol or _______

A

wood; turpentine

100
Q

What are the symptoms of urethritis?

A

-urethral tingling
-itching
-burning
-urine frequency and urgency
-clear mucous-like discharge

101
Q

How is urethritis diagnosed?

A

-urine nucleic acid detection amplification test to detect N. gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis

102
Q

Phimosis

A

foreskin can’t be retracted

103
Q

Paraphimosis

A

foreskin is retracted but can’t be moved forward to cover the gland

104
Q

_________ eliminated the possibility of phimosis or paraphimosis

A

circumcision

105
Q

What is priapism?

A

uncommon prolonged penile erection usually painful and not associated with sexual arousal

106
Q

Priapism is a urological _________

A

emergency

107
Q

What is the treatment for priapism?

A

needle aspiration of blood from dorsal glans

108
Q

Dorsal glans

A

artery on top of the penis surface

109
Q

What is varicocele?

A

abnormal dilation of testicular veins within the scrotum

110
Q

Varicocele aka _______ of ______

A

bag of worms

111
Q

90% of varicocele occur on the _____ side due to the structure of venous drainage

A

left

112
Q

Varicocele occurs in ___ to ___% of men

A

10-15%

113
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

excessive fluid between tunica vaginalis layers

114
Q

Congenital hydrocele resolves spontaneously in the _____ year of life

A

first

115
Q

What is spermatoceles?

A

benign epididymal cysts

116
Q

Spermatocele cysts fill with milky fluid due to ______ involvement

A

sperm

117
Q

Spermatoeceles cause _____

A

significant pain

118
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

abnormality where testes don’t completely descend

119
Q

Cryptorchidism leaves testes in _______ or inguinal canal

A

abdomen

120
Q

What 3 things can cause cryptorchidism?

A

-short spermatic cord
-adhesions
-narrow inguinal canal

121
Q

Cryptorchidism increases the risk of testicular cancer by ___ times

A

50

122
Q

Cryptorchidism treatment:

A

-GnRH
-surgery

123
Q

What is orchitis?

A

acute inflammation of the testes

124
Q

What is the path of infection of orchitis?

A

urethra, vas deferens, epididymis, testes

125
Q

What is the most common infection cause of orchitis?

A

mumps

126
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

inflammation of epididymis

127
Q

Who does epididymitis usually affect?

A

sexually active young males due to STIs (gonorrhoea or chlamydia)

128
Q

What causes chemical epididymitis?

A

reflux of sterile urine into ejaculatory ducts

HLSC 222 - Pathophysiology Across the Lifespan (17 decks)

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